A Visit to the Zoo

A visit to a zoo is one of the most enthralling and exciting things. It is an interesting way to let the children see animals, which they cannot see otherwise. A visit to a zoo is an entertaining activity not just for children but also for adults as it increases their knowledge and makes them wonder at the marvellous of nature. During our educational tour to Delhi, last month, we were also taken to the zoo as it is near the old fort. The zoo is one of the largest in the country spread in a vast area of 35 acres, approximately. The zoo is thickly vegetated with a large variety of birds and animals. We firstly visited the Birds’ section, which was a colourful treat to our eyes. This section was echoing with the chirping of the birds all over. The multi-coloured birds were twittering all over, we saw the graceful pelicans, lovely kingfishers and the cranes, the dignified swans, and peacocks, peahens, sparrows of different kinds, nightingales, Siberian cranes, storks, ducks, the wild parrot and a wide variety of mountain birds. Next we went to the Animals’ section. It was amazing to see the tigers, lions, cheetahs, leopards, bears, rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, stages, horses, and rabbits etc. the Deer, Antelopes and Stages were very active and alert. The Hares and Rabbits were naughty while the tall giraffes and twin-coloured zebras were busy eating or grazing. The rhinoceros and Hippopotamuses seemed to be very lazy. But they were interesting to look at with their huge and bulky bodies. We were hypnotized by their massive size. The Tiger, Leopards, Cheetahs, Bears were huge and fearful to look at. The sharp teeth and claws were very frightening. The king of the jungle was awesome in his den. His loud roar echoed and reverberated up to the skies. We all could watch him for hours together. The best attraction, however, were the Monkeys, Chimpanzees, Baboons, Gorillas etc. They were so amusing with their pranks and swinging tails. We kept on watching them for a long time. Some other spectators gave them groundnuts to eat. We did not want to go ahead and leave the Monkey’s section, as we could never tire from watching them eat and swing from one branch to another. But, alas, we had to move on. Lastly, we went to the Reptiles’ section. We saw the Crocodiles lying in the sun and a wide variety of Snakes, Cripers and Cobras. Some of them hissed when we knocked at their glass frames and others were coiled up and did not bother to see us. We also saw many kinds of fishes, but they were not many in number. We visited the entire zoo and it took us a few hours to enjoy the vast expanse. Walking around made us feel hungry, so we decided to eat as soon as were to. It took us another half an hour to get out of the zoo. We enjoyed the lunch and proceed to see other places. The visit was an extremely knowledgeable one. We saw so many birds and animals in real. Until now we had seen them only in books or on television. But when saw them in real for the first time; we realized how wonderful and marvelous, the nature is. We wondered at the vast variety it presents us with and how we city people do not have much time and opportunity to see such marvels. We really enjoyed our visit to the zoo and made up our minds to visit many more such places. When we returned, we also prepared a file, posted pictures of animals on internet which we saw in the zoo and whose snaps we had taken and wrote the information about the animals As a kid, I always loved going to the zoo. I was fortunate in that when I was little, my family lived within walking distance of the municipal zoo. I was also fortunate in that at the time, it was one of the very best in the USA. These days, I'm an expatriate living with my wife on a subtropical paradise whose main civilian industry is the tourist trade. Okinawa has perhaps one of the best aquariums in the whole world in the Churaumi Aquarium. In addition to the aquarium, they have several privately owned zoos that have been built for the benefit of the tourism trade as well as a host of petting zoos scattered across the island. They also have one municipally owned and operated zoo that due to a host of reasons has seen better days. The children's zoo in centrally located Okinawa City is a huge place. In addition to the municipal zoo, the park hosts a children's interactive learning facility, a huge park with a manmade lake, paddle boats, and an amphitheatre capable of hosting concerts and shows. Once upon a time, it even had its very own amusement park complete with a Ferris wheel, rollercoaster and a host of thrill rides. Every year on Children's Day, a national holiday in Japan, they open the doors to the public free of charge. Additionally, every Christmas season, the whole park is decorated appropriate to the holiday season and opened in the evening hours so everyone can enjoy the holiday lights. During these two times of the year, the park actually lives up to its potential. The rest of the year, the park and zoo are dismally disappointing. Attendance is extremely poor on the weekends and practically non-existent during the rest of the week. During the school summer vacation season, when attendance should be up, it's not. In part this is due to the oppressive heat and humidity here. Tourists and their families are more often than not, prefer to stay at a luxury resort and enjoy the first class amenities offered right at the hotel. Local people head for the air conditioned comfort of the shopping malls. Even opening the zoo during the evening hours when the temperatures are more agreeable hasn't helped. The biggest problem with the Okinawa zoo is that a large part of the facility is rather old and as such, inadequate. Lions and tigers live in tiny cages and are almost invisible. Although the whole park is more than adequate in size, only a tiny portion of the facility is utilized by the zoo. It would be nice to see a greater effort to see the facility updated and expanded with new and spacious facilities for some of the more exotic animals such as those already mentioned. Progress here is slow. On the plus side, the zoo now boasts a facility for some new Asian elephants and the giraffe area is huge. There is a new reptile house for all the snakes and an air conditioned elevator that makes the zoo, situated on a steep hillside, more accessible for the elderly as well as those who, due to no fault of their own, were previously unable to enjoy the facility. Another plus side is a dedicated staff. We found everyone we encountered on our trip ready, willing and able to assist us. One young lady keeping the animals was especially accommodating. While busy with her tasks, she noticed our cameras and the problems we were having taking pictures through the mesh screens in the bird and bat house. As we were leaving, she ran after us with a Ryukyu Flying Fox that she raised from a baby. She brought it out of the cages and allowed us to photograph it in a more natural setting. The really great thing about the Okinawa Children's Zoo is that it is so affordable. Admission for adults is only 500 Yen, about $4. 50 U. S. Children can enter the park for 300 Yen with infants and toddlers being free of charge. For the price of one take out pizza, a family of four can enjoy several hours of quality time together so it's well worth the price of admission In a crowded city such as Manhattan, it was no wonder that a man like Jerry felt lonely. He was without a friend, a mother and father, and the typical â€Å"wife, two children, and a dog,† that many others had. Jerry was thrown in a world that he felt did not want him, and his human flaw of wanting to escape loneliness led to his tragic death. In Edward Albee’s play, The Zoo Story, all Jerry wanted was to be heard and understood, and in the end, after sharing his life story with a complete stranger, he got his final wish – death. The Zoo Story not only tells of the alienation of man in modern society, but also reflects the philosophy of twentieth century existentialism.

Top Help for Research Paper Tips!

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The Film Rain Man ( 1988 ) Because I Have Had Limited...

I chose to preview the film Rain Man (1988) because I have had limited experience with disabilities until recently. The film is about a man named Raymond who has Autism. His brother, Charlie never knew he had a brother because when he was three his dad put Raymond in a care facility, it wasn’t until their dad passed away that he found out about Raymond. Raymond required special care even though he could talk and was very smart, he needed a strict schedule. Charlie did not understand this and took Raymond on a road trip, it was difficult for both of them. I was amazed by Raymond, he had an exceptional memory and was extremely talented with numbers. Raymond was very repetitive doing the same things at the same times each day, this seemed to comfort him, when things did not go that way he became increasingly nervous and upset (Rain Man, 1988). Ableism and Autism â€Å"Ableism or disability oppression is a term used to describe the all- encompassing system of discrimination and exclusion of people who live with developmental, medical, neurological, physical, and psychological disabilities† (Castaneda, Hopkins Peters, 2010, p. 457). In the film, Raymond was not given a chance for any opportunity outside of the facility he lived in until his brother took him outside, I saw that even though Raymond had a hard time he also got to experience things he would have not been able to experience (Rain Man, 1988). According to the authors Castaneda, Hopkins Peters (2010) â€Å"Autism orShow MoreRelatedSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The SustainableRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesaware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4Read MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 millionRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesOperating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on aRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesControl Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic DiscussionRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pageseducation, and treatment. Implement alcohol and other drug risk reduction and prevention strategies that respond to potential problems before they jeopardize readiness, productivity, and careers. Restore to duty those substance-impaired Soldiers who have the potential for continued military service. Provide effective alcohol and other drug abuse prevention and education at all levels of command, and encourage commanders to provide alcohol and drug-free leisure activities. Ensure all military and civilian

Abortion The Right to Choose - 700 Words

Abortion: The Right to Choose Abortion is a constitutional right of a woman in the United States and therefore should not be outlawed. Certain instances prove an abortion justified and blanket legislature against such useless, such as rape and incest and the health of the mother, and a simple fact that the practice would continue, only less safely and with more casualties. In 2012, 346,830 women were raped. According to medical reports, the incidence of pregnancy for one-time unprotected sexual intercourse is five percent. By applying the pregnancy rate to 346,830 female survivors, The Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network estimates that there were 17,342 pregnancies as a result of rape in 2012 (Rainn.org/statistics). Women who are†¦show more content†¦The landmark abortion case Roe v. Wade was decided on Jan. 22, 1973, and remains the law of the land (Abortion ProCon). Motherhood should not be a punishment for having sexual intercourse. President Barack Obama said during a Mar. 29, 2008 campaign speech in Johnston, Pennsylvania, I have two daughters... Im going to teach them first about values and morals, but if they make a mistake, I dont want them punished with a baby. Pregnancy is dangerous, especially in teen girls, whose bodies are not yet ready for childbirth, are five times more likely to die. Not only do seventy thousand girls ages 15-19 die each year from pregnancy and childbirth, but the babies that do survive have a sixty percent higher chance of dying as well (10 Arguments in Favor). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that six hundred and fifty women die per year due to pregnancy and delivery complications. Fifty percent of U.S. women obtaining abortions are younger than twenty-five: Women aged 20-24 obtain thirty-three percent of all abortions, and teenagers only account for seventeen percent (10 Arguments in Favor ). Laws against abortion do not stop abortion; they simply make it less safe. The number of women who get abortions does not change when it goes from being legal to illegal, or vice versa. The only thing that changes is more women die. Every year, seventy-eight thousand women die from unsafeShow MoreRelated Abortion: The Right To Choose Essay666 Words   |  3 Pages Pro-choice does not mean Pro-abortion, it is the right in choosing whether to reproduce, adopt, or abort. It is every human beings right to make their own decisions, and so it is a womans right to make the choices that affect her life as she sees morally right. It is a womans right to choose what she does with her body and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. Abortion is not murder because it is not taking the life of an actual human being an actual human beingRead MoreAbortion: A Womans Right to Choose Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesalley abortions and gave women the right to choose abortion. Women were then able to legally obtain them through medically sound institutions. Rather than on her bathroom floor through the process of a coat hanger or at back alley abortion clinics that were not always the most hygienic options. â€Å"In handing down Roe v. Wade (401 U.S. 113) on 22 January 1973, the Supreme Court held that a woman’s right to choose abortion was constitutionally protected as a part of her right to privacy; abortion thusRead More Women Have the Right to Choose Abortion Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Have the Right to Choose Abortion An abortion is a womans option to terminate a pregnancy. It is an induced miscarriage. Abortion has become an extremely controversial topic in the past 3 decades since it has been legalized. There has been extreme violence stemming from this issue that we as a country need to put under control, regardless of our personal stances on the issue. There are many reasons why a woman would choose to have an abortion. She does not feel she is ready toRead MoreEssay on Abortion: A Womans Right to Choose1174 Words   |  5 Pageshas been one of the most controversial topics for centuries. Abortion is the term used to identify the act of intentionally interrupting pregnancy and not allowing the embryo (first stage of development) or fetus (eight weeks and on) to continue its normal process. Each woman has different reasons to decide to commit abortion and is either willing to put an end to their child’s life or permit it to live, even if it is unwanted. If it’s right or wrong, just or unfair is the main argument of the continuousRead MoreAbortion is Woman’s Right to Choose Essay example1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is Woman’s Right to Choose With so many women choosing to have abortions, it would be expected that it would not be so greatly frowned up, yet society is still having problems with its acceptance. Every woman has the fundamental right to decide for herself, free from government interference, whether or not to have an abortion. Today, more than ever, American families do not want the government to trample on their right to privacy by mandating how they must decide on the most intimateRead MoreEssay on Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose1356 Words   |  6 Pagesexpress her personal freedoms to choose, there are those that view the exact opposite. The United States was founded upon the principles that everyone is guaranteed the â€Å"certain unalienable rights†¦ of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† according to the Declaration of Independence (1776). Consequently, by establishing laws that hinder a woman’s innate ability to select how she can and will live her life, we imped e her opportunity to be a recipient of the rights that many men and women risk theirRead MoreAbortion: A Woman Has to Right to Choose Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesmost controversial situations in the United States is abortion. A couple of decades ago when abortion was illegal, thousands of woman died for attempting to terminate the child’s life themselves or with unprofessional help. On January 22, 1973, in the Roe v. Wade case, Supreme Court legalized abortion in all 50 states. This has saved thousands of woman’s lives and should remain legal. There are different definitions for this issue. â€Å"Abortion is the forcible removal of a developing baby from theRead MoreEssay on Abortion: Every Woman Has the Right to Choose559 Words   |  3 PagesThe debate over whether or not to legalize abortion has been going on since the 19th century. With abortion illegal, it would affect the well-being and rights of many women. Abortion should be kept legal in the United States because it is a personal and private decision. According to our ninth and fourteenth amendments, we have a right to privacy. The ninth amendment states that â€Å"the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retainedRead More Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion Introduction Abortion has become the common focus of diverse and influential debate in various societies, especially the U.S. One of the most confrontational topics argued is whether or not abortion is morally ethical. More than forty percent of all women will terminate their pregnancy by abortion at some point in their reproductive lives (Stacey OL). In spite of disagreement by many people, abortion is one of the most widespread medical procedures performed in the United States everyRead MoreEssay on Abortion: A Woman Must Have the Right to Choose484 Words   |  2 Pages Abortion - A Womans Must Have the Right to choose nbsp; Abortion has been a long contested issue among Americans, and is one that nearly everyone holds an opinion on, myself being no exception. In my opinion, a womans right to choose is imperative, important above all else. Like proven in Roe v. Wade, a womans right to privacy - her right to choose whether or not to carry a child to term - is more important than the rights of the unborn. nbsp; Typical American rights - freedom

Types of Reinforcement Free Essays

People have been using the theory of reinforcement even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the response for a particular stimulus or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). Reinforcement theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response will likely increase if it is followed by a reinforcer. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Reinforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The probability of repeating the same behavior in the future is dependent on what occurs after the individual engages in that behavior (Malala, et al. ). There are four types of reinforcement. Each type of reinforcement is distinguished by the kind of stimulus presented after the response. In positive reinforcement, for instance, a positive stimulus is presented after a certain response to increase the frequency of that response of behavior (Malala, et al. ,; Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus usually comes in the form of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been used in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such as medals and certificates are given to students who excel academically or in a certain field such as sports. While the previous example used a tangible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, according to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and encouragement of teachers and significant others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work hard and increase their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in one’s capability). Positive reinforcement has often been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room. The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in negative reinforcement, the reinforcer, which is something negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children obey the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them. In this example, the negative reinforcer is the anger of the parents while the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most people think that negative reinforcement and punishment is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or behavior by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel). Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplace. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the time agreed. In school, punishment is imposed to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offense are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not report to the office without filing a leave. As punishment, they will not be paid for the days they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinction. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the field of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as anxiety disorder. The goal of the treatment is to extinguish fear by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319). For instance, the patient is exposed to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. Extinction can also occur in a corporate setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose motivation to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike. Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavior. For example, an individual’s positive or desired behavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction. How to cite Types of Reinforcement, Papers

Noteworthy Courage Essay Sample free essay sample

Everyone has seen an act of bravery before. No affair how large or little. they have. Most people would courage is running into a firing edifice to salvage a kid trapped interior was bravery but it can besides be displayed in many other ways such as being defensive. lovingness. and weather. Jem Finch alterations from an guiltless kid to a mature adolescent. One might believe that because he is a dynamic character. he is non reliable. yet he is. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Jem Finch is the most brave character because he protects Scout. stands up for himself and his household and is brave sing the enigma of Boo Radley. Jem shows an astonishing sum of protectiveness towards Scout. Lookout stands up for a male child named Walter Cunningham on her first twenty-four hours of school. She got in problem with her instructor and when Scout finds Walter exterior. We will write a custom essay sample on Noteworthy Courage Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page she fights him but Jem stops her. He tells her â€Å"to stop† ( Lee. 30 ) . Scout still refuses. Again Jem says for Scout to â€Å"’Let him go’† ( 30 ) . Jem doesn’t want Lookout to acquire into any longer problem any longer. He is brave because he thinks for his small sister. At dark. Scout. Dill and Jem go to the Radley house. A shadow comes and scares them off. Jem urges Scout to travel rapidly when they are running off. Jem â€Å"shooed us [ Scout and Dill ] † and Tells Scout to ’†Hurry’† ( 71 ) . Jem is a responsible brother. One might merely believe of themselves in a state of affairs like that. particularly a kid. but Jem thinks of Scout every bit good. The kids are descrying on their male parent while he encounters a rabble at the gaol. Scout recognized person in the rabble and rushes out to state hullo. â€Å"I [ Scout ] broke off from Jem and ran† ( 202 ) . Jem tries to respond rapidly. He â€Å"tried to catch me [ Scout ] † ( 202 ) . He senses. but he could non halt her in clip. Jem and Scout are walking through the forests and Bob Ewell sneaks up and assail them. While he fights Ewell off. Jem cries for Scout. â€Å"’Run. Lookout! Run! Run! ’† ( 351 ) . Scout falls and Jem â€Å"was up like lightning and drawing me with him† ( 351 ) . Jem looks after Scout really good. Scout finds a piece of gum in hole in a tree on the Radley belongings. She comes place and shows him what she found. Jem gets angry and says â€Å"’Don’t eat things you find. Scout’†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Spit it out right now! ’† ( 44-45 ) . He felt uncomfortable with her eating something that was from the Radley’s and was protective to state her to ptyalize it out. There are powerful parts of the book when Jem stands up for himself and his household. While mousing about. Jem gets his bloomerss stuck in the Radley fencing. He starts to travel back in the center of the dark but aftermaths Scout. who doesn’t want him to travel entirely. She offers to attach to him but he steadfastly refuses to accept. â€Å"Jem grabbed my pyjama neckband and wrenched it tight. ‘Then I’m goin’ with you—‘I choked. ‘No you ain’t’† ( Lee 75-76 ) . Equally much as Scout would plead. he would stand resolutely. Mrs. Dubose. the vicinity grump said Atticus was â€Å"’no better than the niggas and rubbish he works for! ’† ( 135 ) . Jem gets really angry and â€Å"did non get down to quiet down until he had cut the tops off every camelia shrub Mrs. Dubose owned. until the land was littered with green buds and leaves† ( 137 ) . Jem stood up for his male parent and would non merely take the negativity towards him. Lookout. Dill and Jem are at the gaol with Atticus and the rabble. Atticus tells Jem to â€Å"’ [ travel ] home’† ( 203 ) . Jem felt he was mature adequate to remain and â€Å"was non believing of budging† ( 203 ) . â€Å"’Son. I said travel home’ . Jem shook his caput. † ( 203 ) . Most kids would listen to their male parent and set off place. but Jem Finch wants to remain so he unfalteringly did non back down. Lookout and Jem are walking place at dark in the forests when Bob Ewell attacks them. Lookout. the storyteller. can non see anything but she hears â€Å"scuffling. kicking sound. sounds of places and flesh scraping soil and roots† ( 351 ) . Jem is contending back and would non merely allow Ewell ache him of his sister. Although. the kids are scared of Boo Radley. their cryptic neighbour they have neer seen earlier. Jaish-i-mohammed does valorous stunts. sing Boo that Scout and Dill are excessively dying to execute. Dill dares Jem to travel up and touch the side of the Radley house. After yearss of pecking. Jem eventually â€Å"sped to the side of the house. slapped it with the thenar of his hand† ( Lee 18 ) . In this portion of the book. really touching the house is important for the kids. because they are immature. Lookout. Dill and Jem are playing roll the tyre outside. Lookout ends up rolled onto the Radley pace. She is panicky and runs off. non believing of conveying the tyre with her. â€Å" [ Jem ] dashed in and retrieved the tire† ( 50 ) . No affair how scaring it sounded. he was determined to acquire the tyre back. non refering who might hold been watching him for inside the house. so he daringly repossessed it. Lookout. Dill and Jem had the thought to give a note to Boo through his window. Jem â€Å"crawled to the window raised his caput and looked in† ( 71 ) . He chivalrously did what Scout and Dill did non desire to make. While flying from the Radley house. Jem gets his bloomerss stuck mousing under a fencing. He slips out of them rapidly and ran off. Back place. his male parent and neighbour are speaking about how Mr. Nathan Radley. another occupant at the Radley place. saw person ( Jem ) in his pace and shooting at them. In the center of the dark. Jem decides he is â€Å"’goin’ after ‘em’† ( 74 ) . merely in instance Nathan was to acknowledge the slacks as his. To believe that Jem was one time shot at. but to travel back and hazard acquiring shooting at once more was perplexing and valiant. Peoples who read Ts book might believe Jem is a infantile character that does non listen to his male parent. neglects his sister and is scared of Boo Radely. Yet if they would look deeper into the book. they would see that Jem grows into this immature brave preteen who is non obstinate. protective and brave.

Separation of Powers in U.S. Government Essay Example

Separation of Powers in U.S. Government Essay The Founding Fathers of the early American Constitution examined various political and modern theories as their guide in establishing a government that truly supports their aims and aspirations as a people who wish to be rid of the destructive clutches of the British Empire, one of which is the principle of separation of powers advanced by Baron de Montesquieu.This paper will examine the concept of separation of power and its evolution since the start of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 up to the present.Separation of PowersThe concept of separation of power as theorized by Baron de Montesquieu states that the â€Å"legislative, executive, and judicial power function of the government—the power to make laws, the power to carry out laws, and the power to uphold the laws—should rest with the different branches of government† thus, reducing the possibility of tyranny. (Johnson, Aldrich, Miller et al, 1990, 45). In the adoption of a Federal government in 1787†™s American Constitution, de Montesquieu’s theory of separation of power was approved, thus, drawing line separating the powers held by each of the branches of government.The three branches of government were allocated with its own powers some of which are shared among them. The system was designed to reduce the risk of abusing its power by a single branch acting independently from the other branches. According to Johnson et al (1990, 51) no branch can carry out its powers without some degree of cooperation from the other branches.In a dissenting opinion of Justice Louis Brandeis in Myers v. United States,272 U.S. 52, 293 (1926) opined that the â€Å"separation of powers was adopted by the Convention of 1787, not to promote efficiency, but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was, not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy. †It is this concept that minimizes the risk of one branch to completely take over the government or stray too far politically from the other branches making this design as a   key factor in the Constitutions’ survival, assuring evolution in government rather than revolution.Though this was the case, due to Constitutional provisions couched in general terms, tensions and conflicts regarding individual interpretation by the branches arise.The Constitutional ProvisionsThe American Bar Association painstakingly listed the power of each branch and its relation to the other branches.There are various provisions in the Federal Constitution that outlines the blending power of the check and balance or the separation of powers.The first three Articles found in the Constitution define the powers of each branch. Article 1 defines Congress’ powers; Article II defines the Executive branch’s power; and the Judicial Power is defined in Article III.Federal JudiciaryAlexa nder Hamilton’s The Federalist Paper revealed that among the three branches it is the judiciary that is the least powerful branch. A lifetime tenure and good behavior as well as a guaranteed salary is the Constitution’s protection for the judiciary to maintain its independence. The judiciary possess the power of judicial review of all actions taken by executive or Congress. It was in a landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) that the judicial review, as a power of the Courts, was first exercised and it was also in this case that Supreme Court first coined the word and established its presence as a formidable branch in the Federal System.   The judicial power is a passive power for it needs cases and controversies brought before the court for it to exercises such power (Separation of Power, n.d.).The judicial power of individual judges is limited to the following: â€Å"[j]udges must explain their decisions in written opinions; [j]udges most follow the precedents established by the decisions of higher courts; and [j]udges decisions are subject to review by courts of appeals† (Separation of Power, n.d.).The executive and legislative branches possessed the following powers to check or balance the power of the judiciary. The following: [t]he federal courts are staffed by judges nominated by the President; [t]he courts rely upon the executive branch for enforcement of their decisions; [c]ongress has control over the judiciarys budget (although it cannot reduce a judges salary); [c]ongress has the power to impeach federal judges who misbehave in office; and [c]ongress may begin the process of amending the Constitution if it disagrees with the judiciarys interpretation of the Constitution† (Separation of Power, n.d.).CongressIn Congress, the Constitution provides numerous powers, to wit: budgetary power, â€Å"including the authority to raise taxes, borrow money, and spend money; [p]ower to declare war and to raise and support militar y forces; [p]ower to regulate immigration, the mail, patents and copyrights, and commerce between the states and with foreign countries; and [p]ower to establish federal courts below the United States Supreme Court.† Also, the â€Å"Constitution provides that Congress has the power to pass any law necessary and proper to give effect to its named powers (Separation of Power, n.d.).Congress’ power could be checked through the Presidential veto on any proposed legislation; and the Supreme Court’s power to review the constitutionality of a law if it is challenged in a case brought before the Court.The ExecutiveAside from the oversight power to federal agencies that implement the passed law of Congress, the Executive through the President possessed the following powers: â€Å"[p]ower as Commander in Chief of the armed forces; [p]ower to make treaties, nominate judges to the federal judiciary, and appoint officers of the government, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate; and [p]ower to pardon individuals convicted of federal crimes.†The Congress and the Court could check the Executive through the following modes: â€Å"[t]he Senates power to ratify treaties the President has signed and to consent to the Presidents nominees for federal judgeships and other government positions; â€Å"[t]he power of Congress to impeach and convict the President for ‘treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors;’ [t]he federal judiciarys power to declare executive actions unconstitutional if they are challenged in court† (Separation of Power, n.d.).The Conflict Surrounding the Separation of PowersJames Madison’s Federalist Paper No. 51 stated that [a]mbition must be made to counteract ambition.  Thus, the concept of separation of powers is not designed to maximize efficiency but rather to maximize freedom.Through the years various conflicts were witnessed by the American People on the issue of separation of powers which stem from the various interpretations of the branches concerned on a given Constitutional provision, couched in general terms, prone to abuse.Executive EncroachmentTwo views on the â€Å"executive powers have been articulated by past presidents.   One view, the strong president view, favored by presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt essentially held that presidents may do anything not specifically prohibited by the Constitution.   The other, weak president view, favored by presidents such as Howard Taft, held that presidents may only exercise powers specifically granted by the Constitution or delegated to the president by Congress under one of its enumerated powers† (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separation of Powers. n.d).In the case of â€Å"Youngstown Sheet ; Tube Co. v Sawyer (1952) arose when President Harry Truman, responding to labor unrest at the nations steel mills during the Korean War, seized control of the mills.†   In a close de cision, the Supreme Court held that the President’s power is not limited to those powers expressly granted in Article II.  In the case of Dames and More v Regan (1981) â€Å"considered the constitutionality of executive orders issued by President Jimmy Carter directing claims by Americans against Iran to a specially-created tribunal. The Court, using a pragmatic rather than literalist approach, found the executive orders to be a constitutional exercise of the Presidents Article II powers† (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separation of Powers. n.d).Congressional EncroachmentsIn INS v Chadha (1983), the Court declared the resolution passed by Congress to nullify by resolution a disapproved action by an agency of the executive branch for its failure to comply with the requirements for legislation spelled out in Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution.  In Bowsher v Synar (1986), the Court invalidated a provision of the Balanced Budget Act that authorized the U.S. Comptroller General to impound funds appropriated for domestic or military use after the determination of a deficit by the federal budget   . The Court reasoned that by allowing the US Comptroller General is in [the] essence [of] a legislative veto.   Morrison v Olson the Court considered the constitutionality of the Independent Counsel (or special prosecutor) provisions in the Ethics in Government Act as not â€Å"an attempt by any branch to increase its own powers at the expense of another branch, and that the executive branch maintained meaningful controls over the counsels exercise of his or her authority† (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separation of Powers. n.d).Executive Privilege and ImmunitiesExecutive privilege, the right of the President to withhold certain information sought by another branch of government, was first claimed by President Jefferson in response to a subpoena from John Marshall in the famous treason trial of Aaron Burr.   The Supr eme Courts first major pronouncement on the issue, however, did not come until 1974 in United States v Richard Nixon, which involved the Watergate Scandal. The Court held that   the Constitution does indeed contain an executive privilege which was presumptive and not absolute.   Balancing the interests in the Nixon case, the Court opined that the privilege do not   extend to the requested Watergate tapes   Finally, in Clinton v Jones (1997), the Court rejected President Clintons argument that the Constitution immunizes   him from suits for money damages for acts committed before assuming the presidency.   The case arose when Paula Jones filed a suit alleging sexual harassment by Clinton in an Arkansas hotel room in 1991 while Clinton served as Governor of Arkansas† (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separation of Powers. n.d).Congressional Immunity under the Speech and Debate ClauseThe Federal Constitutional Framers â€Å"sought in various ways to guarantee the independence of each of the three branches.   The President was protected against criminal prosecutions while in office, answerable only in an impeachment trial with a super-majority required for a conviction.   Members of the federal judiciary were given lifetime tenure, with a guarantee that their compensation would be maintained.   To ensure free discussion of controversial issues in Congress, the framers immunized members of Congress from liability for statements made during a House debate:   for their ‘speech or debate’ they shall not be questioned in any other place. In 1979, in Hutchinson v Proxmire, the Court considered whether the immunity for Senate and House debate extended beyond the floor to cover press releases and statements released to the media.   The Court concluded that the Speech and Debate Clause protected only official congressional business, not statements for public consumption† (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separat ion of Powers. n.d).Congressional Encroachment on  Judicial Powersâ€Å"In Ex Parte McCardle (1868) the Court decided it lacked jurisdiction to consider the habeas corpus petition of William McCardle, a Vicksburg, Mississippi newspaper editor arrested by military official for writing incendiary editorials about the federal officers then in control of Mississippi during Reconstruction.   Although McCardle made his petition under the 1867 Habeas Corpus Act, Congress repealed the provision authorizing McCardles petition AFTER the Court had heard arguments in his appeal.   Although it was obvious that Congress repealed the provision in an attempt to specifically deprive McCarldle of the opportunity to gain release from military custody, the Court nonetheless upheld the validity of the Act and found itself without jurisdiction â€Å"(Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: The Separation of Powers. n.d).ConclusionThe concept of the Separation of Power has created a dynamic, vibrant a nd dynamic democracy such as that of the United States. It provides powers for each of the branches and these powers were to be used not in isolation but in collaboration with other branches.This concept maintained our individual freedoms from the tyranny or abuses that could be wrecked by any of the three branches in our government.Indeed, James Madison’s Federalist Paper No. 51 is enlightening when he stated that [a]mbition must be made to counteract ambition.  Thus, the concept of separation of powers is not designed to maximize efficiency; but designed to maximize freedom.