Personal journal entry 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual diary passage 4 - Essay Example Notwithstanding, the court recognized that this sort of relationship can contain significant characteristics of family that represents the changing social circumstances. Plainly the quantity of people that fit the bill to be a family under the law has expanded2. The case obviously showed that because of the changing present day convictions the two men living respectively were ‘family’. During the case, the court explored and affirmed a wide job importance of ‘family’. The thought is an assortment of consolidated characteristics that can be taken a gander at autonomously or as a substance. The significance of family can be affirmed when one investigation the alleged jobs released in the relationship3. The appointed authorities in this lawful goals held that a distinction couldn't be seen by an equivalent sex couple remaining together and the other genders couple, as far as fondness and love4. For this situation, Mr. Fitzpatrick prevailing based on ‘assured’ inhabitant and not legal occupant since he didn't qualify as a spouse5. Also, the decision was made with regards to the attributes characterized by the 1920 Act that were fulfilled by Mr. Fitzpatrick and his accomplice that fell under the term

Developmental Defects of Teeth Essay Example

Formative Defects of Teeth Paper formative imperfections of teeth with ongoing hereditary ideas INTRODUCTION: Disorders of improvement of teeth might be pre-birth or postnatal in starting point and might be acquired or gained. Their acknowledgment and assessment requires an exhaustive information and assessment of the ordinary sequence of the human dentition and of the typical turn of events and structure of the teeth. Disarranges of improvement of teeth of teeth might be because of variations from the norm in the separation of the dental lamina and the tooth germs, causing irregularities in the number, size and type of teeth (anomalies of morphodifferentiation) or to anomalies in the arrangement of the dental hard tissues bringing about unsettling influences in tooth structure (variations from the norm of histodifferentiation). Variations from the norm of histodifferentiation happen at a later stage being developed than anomalies of morphodifferentiation; in certain scatters the two phases are unusual. Histophysiology of tooth advancement: Various physiologic development forms take an interest in the dynamic improvement of the teeth. These are †1. Commencement The dental lamina and related tooth buds speak to those pieces of the oral epithelium that have the potential for tooth advancement. Various teeth are started at various occasions. Commencement acceptance requires ectomesenchymal epithelial cooperation. An absence of inception brings about the nonappearance of either a solitary or various teeth or complete absence of teeth. Strange inception may bring about the improvement of single or various effusive teeth. 2. Multiplication We will compose a custom exposition test on Developmental Defects of Teeth explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Developmental Defects of Teeth explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Developmental Defects of Teeth explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Improved proliferative movement after inception results progressively in the bud, top and chime phases of the odontogenic organ. Proliferative development causes customary changes in the size and extents of the developing tooth germ. An aggravation has completely various impacts as indicated by the hour of event and the phase of advancement that it influences. Tooth oddities may remember unsettling influences for the size, extent or number of teeth 3. Histodifferentiation It succeeds the proliferative stage. The developmental cells of the tooth germ creating during the proliferative stage experience unequivocal morphologic just as practical task. Separation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts happens coming about the development and pairing of lacquer and dentin. Unsettling influence is the stage brings about deformities in the structure of tooth like amelogensis imperfecta type 1 and 4. 4. Morphodifferentiation The morphologic example or fundamental structure and relative size of things to come tooth are built up by morphodifferentiation that is by differential development. Dentinoenamel intersection and dentinocemental intersections are set up. Unsettling influences in morphodifferentiation may influence the structure and size of the tooth without impeding the capacity of the ameloblasts or odontoblasts. 5. Appposition It is the testimony of the framework of the hard dental structures. Deformities in juxtaposition brings about peculiarities like amelogenesis imperfecta type 2, dentin dysplasia. 6. Mineralization and Maturation After framework development full mineralization and dental hard tissue development. Irregularities like amelogensis imperfecta type 3, fluorosis and interglobular dentin. Characterization OF DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH 1. Peculiarities of inception and multiplication abnormalities of number hypodontia and anodontia hyperdontia irregularities of size Microdontia Macrodontia inconsistencies of shape Germination Fusion Concrescence 2. Abnormalities of morphodifferentiation oddities of size and shape Dilacerations Dens invaginatus Dens evaginatus Taurodontism Talon cusp 3. Inconsistencies of histodifferentiation lacquer deformity Amelogensis imperfecta type I dentin deformity Dentinogensis impefecta type I,II,III 4. Peculiarities of relation lacquer absconds Amelogensis imperf ecta type II, IV Enamel hypoplasia Enamel pearl dentin deserts Dentin dysplasia Regional odontodysplasia cementum surrenders Hypercementosis Hypophophatasia 5. Inconsistencies of mineralization finish abandons Amelogenesis imperfecta type III Enamel fluorosis Anomalies of commencement and multiplication Development unsettling influences in number a. ypodontia and anodontia True anodontia or congential nonattendance of teeth might be of two kinds Total anodontia †in which all teeth are absent. It might include both deciduous and changeless teeth. It is an uncommon condition when it happens it is as often as possible related with summed up unsettling influences, genetic ectodermal dysplasia. Halfway anodontia (hypodontia or oligodontia) Hypodontia when there is absence of improvement of at least one teeth Oligodontia is a region of hypodontia showing the absence of advancement of at least six teeth. An occurrence of 1. 5 †10% is seen barring third molars in changeless dentit ion and . 09 . % for essential dentition. Most every now and again influenced teeth are third molars, mandibular second premolar, maxillary parallel incisor and maxillary second premolar. If there should arise an occurrence of deciduous dentition normally maxillary sidelong incisor are absent. As per Grahen and Granath there is a nearby connection between's inherently missing deciduous teeth and their lasting replacements proposing a hereditary factor. A familial inclination for this deformity is noted. Graber detailed enough proof that it is really the aftereffect of at least one point changes frequently transmitted in an autosomal prevailing example with inadequate penetrance and variable expressivity. A few specialists inferred that hypodontia is a typical variation recommending that people are in a transitional phase of dentitional development. A proposed future dentition would incorporate one incisor, one canine, one premolar and two molars for every quadrant. Hypodontia relates with the nonattendance of proper dental lamina. Generally this is because of hereditary adjustment. Be that as it may, ecological elements like injury, contamination, radiation and endocrine unsettling influence may likewise bring about loss of creating tooth bud. Hypodontia is related decidedly with microdontia, diminished alveolar turn of events, increment free way space and held essential teeth. Pax 9 quality maps to chromosome 14, it encodes a translation work that is significant in the improvement of pharyngeal pockets. Its change may prompt inherently missing teeth. Conditions related with hypodontia: congenital fissure/sense of taste crouzon disorder down condition hyphidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ellis van crevald condition oro facial advanced condition b. hyperdontia it is the improvement of an expansion number of teeth. Hereditary qualities of hyperdontia proposes an autosomal prevailing example of legacy with deficient penetrance. The variable articulation and penetrance of the quality might be influenced by the ecological elements. The improvement of hyperdontia is advancement of abundance dental lamina which prompts development of extra teeth. A frequency of . 3-3% and a male to female proportion of 2:1 is noted. It happens most every now and again in perpetual dentition and around 90% of cases present in maxilla with a solid inclination for the front locale. Terms used to portray effusive tooth relying upon their area I. Mesiodens is situated in the maxillary incisor resion. It is the most well-known exaggerated. ii. Distodens/distomloar is the embellishment fourth molar iii. Paramolar is a back effusive tooth arranged lingually or buccally to a molar tooth. Order dependent on morphology In the essential dentition morphology is typically ordinary or cone shaped. More prominent assortment is found if there should arise an occurrence of lasting dentition Conical is a little peg molded cone shaped tooth and is the most widely recognized exaggerated. It creates with root development ahead or at a proportionate stage to that of lasting incisor. It can bring about revolution or uprooting of the changeless incisor however once in a while postpones ejection. Tuberculate have more than one cusp or tubercle and is barrel molded. Root development is deferred when contrasted with changeless incisors. They are frequently combined and are generally situated on the palatal part of the focal incisors. It brings about deferred emission of the incisors. Supplemental alludes to a duplication of teeth on the typical arrangement and is normally found toward the finish of the tooth arrangement. Most ordinarily perpetual maxillary parallel incisor is the supplemental exaggerated. Dominant part of the deciduous supernumeraries are of this sort. Odontome is recorded as the fourth classification by Howard. It is a hamartomoatous contortion nd is made out of more than one sort of tissue called composite odontoma. For the most part two sorts are there mind boggling and compound. Disorder related with hyperdontia 1. congenital fissure/sense of taste 2. cleidocranial dysplasia 3. gardner condition 4. oro facial computerized disorder Developmental unsettling influences in size of tooth a. microdontia †teeth which are little r than typical. Females exhibits a higher a recurrence of microdontia and hypodontia. Three sorts are True summed up microdontia in this all the teeth are littler than typical. It is found in instances of piutatry dwarfism, Down disorder, inherent heart infections. Relative summed up microdontia typical somewhat littler teeth present in the jaws bigger than ordinary delivering a hallucination of microdontia. Job of innate as jaws are acquired from one aren’t and tooth size from other parent. Microdontia including single tooth is normal condition influences maxillary sidelong incisors and third molar most usually. b. macrodontia †teeth that are bigger than typical. Three sorts like that microdontia True summed up macrodontia all teeth are enormous. Found in instances of pituitary gigantism and pine

Welcoming our new team members Tarryn, Emil, Kurt and Jolanta - Focus

Welcoming our new team members Tarryn, Emil, Kurt and Jolanta - Focus Meister HQ is on a roll and it seems to just get… bigger. We’ve got four additional team members to add to our rota, all bringing unique sets of skills to the Meister table. From Marketing and DevOps to Customer Success and Office Upkeep, join us this week in welcoming: Tarryn, Emil, Kurt and Jolanta! Growth is never by mere chance, it is the result of forces working togetherJames Cash Penney Tarryn Abrahams Content Communications Specialist My Background I have always been fascinated by language and the ways in which it can be used to describe, illustrate and narrate life. I enjoy talking as much as I do reading and writing. So, when it came to choosing my career path, I naturally gravitated toward the creative, do-something-different-everyday, media and communications type of jobs. Hence me studying Media Studies and English Literature at university. From that point onwards, you could say that I made a concerted effort to make sure that my CV was colored with variety and experience. Before joining Meister, I worked for the Beach Volleyball Major Series where my responsibilities included: writing for the website, newsletter, general English-language content, and Social Media for Instagram and Facebook. My Role at Meister I feel like this is the first time that my title adequately describes and pretty much sums up my role. I form part of the marketing team, and even though I’ve just worked at Meister for a week, I can see that there are many exciting projects in the pipeline which I am eager to be a part of. I am really looking forward to contributing meaningfully to the success of MeisterLabs. And of course, assisting with all the communications-oriented queries.   About Me When I’m not saving the world through fantastic writing, and general all-round awesomeness, I am home, being mum, to a little rambunctious four-year-old. So my hobbies include: pretending to be a big evil dragon that only little braze knights can defeat, building puzzles, playing with cars, everything space-related, and of course, making up elaborate and imaginative pretend stories. I am convinced Amazon is going to take over the world. And I am on a quest to find the best Hamburger in Vienna and would appreciate any help with this endeavor. Emil Bruckner Frontend Developer My Background I’ve always been interested in how things work, which led me to create things. With a great interest in creativity, I chose to study at “die Graphische”. This is where I gathered my animation, videography and general design skills. After completing my alternative civilian service at a kindergarten, I worked on my own projects for a couple of months. My short entrepreneurial journey didn’t only include full-stack programming, but also introduced me to marketing. After putting aside my latest project, I got the chance to start working at Meister ?? My Role at Meister I work on the front-end of MeisterTask.  As of writing this, I’ve only been here for a week, so I haven’t done more than a couple of quick bug fixes. I’ll give my best to advance MeisterTask’s usability even further. About Me Aside from writing code at MeisterTask, I still write code for my side-projects, and sometimes tinker with some Arduino stuff.   I want to live at least somewhat healthy, so I try to put my body to work physically every other day. I drink a lot of water, but no alcohol, and get up early every day. I’m not good at partying.  I also try to keep my mind sharp through meditation and learning about things other than coding, like a new language (my only excuse to watch TV). Kurt Lojka Head of Customer Success My Background I studied Business Administration at the University of Vienna. Before joining the Meister team, I worked in the DevOps space as a sales leader. I managed a team of account managers who had to work with thousands of customers. I also managed the team who was responsible for acquiring new customers. Before that, I gathered a few new skills as a project manager on the growing Austrian and European start-up scene. My Role at Meister I am the head of customer success at Meister. That means that I am responsible for ensuring that our millions of users get the best possible experience using MindMeister and MeisterTask. About Me I’m interested in gaming (PC, Xbox board games), movies, and watching TV-series. I also enjoy the outdoors, especially exploring the Viennese woods with my dog. I also love talking sports, eating and cooking good food. Jola Fryzel-Bara Office Upkeep My Background I come from Poland but have been living in Vienna for several years. I graduated with a degree in economics and I have two adult children. My role at Meister I joined Meister in July 2018. My main duties are to maintain neatness in the office, so  that our work environment stays nice and comfortable for my colleagues. About me I enjoy spending time outdoors. I love nature and open spaces, especially going for walks in the forest. The sound of the sea and its waves stir my soul. I like mountains and  rollerblading. I’m a foodie and I like to eat well, but I don’t like cooking. I also enjoy  watching thrilling films. So these are the four latest additions to the Meister team. If you want to take a closer look at how we work, you can follow us on Instagram, and if youre thinking of joining our amazing team yourself, you can check out our open positions here! Welcoming our new team members Tarryn, Emil, Kurt and Jolanta - Focus Meister HQ is on a roll and it seems to just get… bigger. We’ve got four additional team members to add to our rota, all bringing unique sets of skills to the Meister table. From Marketing and DevOps to Customer Success and Office Upkeep, join us this week in welcoming: Tarryn, Emil, Kurt and Jolanta! Growth is never by mere chance, it is the result of forces working togetherJames Cash Penney Tarryn Abrahams Content Communications Specialist My Background I have always been fascinated by language and the ways in which it can be used to describe, illustrate and narrate life. I enjoy talking as much as I do reading and writing. So, when it came to choosing my career path, I naturally gravitated toward the creative, do-something-different-everyday, media and communications type of jobs. Hence me studying Media Studies and English Literature at university. From that point onwards, you could say that I made a concerted effort to make sure that my CV was colored with variety and experience. Before joining Meister, I worked for the Beach Volleyball Major Series where my responsibilities included: writing for the website, newsletter, general English-language content, and Social Media for Instagram and Facebook. My Role at Meister I feel like this is the first time that my title adequately describes and pretty much sums up my role. I form part of the marketing team, and even though I’ve just worked at Meister for a week, I can see that there are many exciting projects in the pipeline which I am eager to be a part of. I am really looking forward to contributing meaningfully to the success of MeisterLabs. And of course, assisting with all the communications-oriented queries.   About Me When I’m not saving the world through fantastic writing, and general all-round awesomeness, I am home, being mum, to a little rambunctious four-year-old. So my hobbies include: pretending to be a big evil dragon that only little braze knights can defeat, building puzzles, playing with cars, everything space-related, and of course, making up elaborate and imaginative pretend stories. I am convinced Amazon is going to take over the world. And I am on a quest to find the best Hamburger in Vienna and would appreciate any help with this endeavor. Emil Bruckner Frontend Developer My Background I’ve always been interested in how things work, which led me to create things. With a great interest in creativity, I chose to study at “die Graphische”. This is where I gathered my animation, videography and general design skills. After completing my alternative civilian service at a kindergarten, I worked on my own projects for a couple of months. My short entrepreneurial journey didn’t only include full-stack programming, but also introduced me to marketing. After putting aside my latest project, I got the chance to start working at Meister ?? My Role at Meister I work on the front-end of MeisterTask.  As of writing this, I’ve only been here for a week, so I haven’t done more than a couple of quick bug fixes. I’ll give my best to advance MeisterTask’s usability even further. About Me Aside from writing code at MeisterTask, I still write code for my side-projects, and sometimes tinker with some Arduino stuff.   I want to live at least somewhat healthy, so I try to put my body to work physically every other day. I drink a lot of water, but no alcohol, and get up early every day. I’m not good at partying.  I also try to keep my mind sharp through meditation and learning about things other than coding, like a new language (my only excuse to watch TV). Kurt Lojka Head of Customer Success My Background I studied Business Administration at the University of Vienna. Before joining the Meister team, I worked in the DevOps space as a sales leader. I managed a team of account managers who had to work with thousands of customers. I also managed the team who was responsible for acquiring new customers. Before that, I gathered a few new skills as a project manager on the growing Austrian and European start-up scene. My Role at Meister I am the head of customer success at Meister. That means that I am responsible for ensuring that our millions of users get the best possible experience using MindMeister and MeisterTask. About Me I’m interested in gaming (PC, Xbox board games), movies, and watching TV-series. I also enjoy the outdoors, especially exploring the Viennese woods with my dog. I also love talking sports, eating and cooking good food. Jola Fryzel-Bara Office Upkeep My Background I come from Poland but have been living in Vienna for several years. I graduated with a degree in economics and I have two adult children. My role at Meister I joined Meister in July 2018. My main duties are to maintain neatness in the office, so  that our work environment stays nice and comfortable for my colleagues. About me I enjoy spending time outdoors. I love nature and open spaces, especially going for walks in the forest. The sound of the sea and its waves stir my soul. I like mountains and  rollerblading. I’m a foodie and I like to eat well, but I don’t like cooking. I also enjoy  watching thrilling films. So these are the four latest additions to the Meister team. If you want to take a closer look at how we work, you can follow us on Instagram, and if youre thinking of joining our amazing team yourself, you can check out our open positions here!

Cherokee Native American Indians and the Trail of Tears

Cherokee Native American Indians and the Trail of Tears What made the Cherokee culture distinctive towards others in the Trail of Tears time period was that they had a more peaceful, harmless outlook on the situation. In 1814, Andrew Jackson who would eventually become the President of the United States, had his and his whole army’s lives on the line in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend to the British forces when the Cherokee allied with them to win the battle. Surprisingly, 16 years later when Jackson was President of the United States, he made the deciding decision on the controversy of whether or not the Cherokee deserved their land. Jackson completed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, sending the Cherokee out of their own land which they†¦show more content†¦They were walking mostly through moist valleys and forests which provided some nutrition and shelter. The weather was overall favorable for the Cherokee during the Trail of Tears. The rivers were also helpful to the Cherokee as a source of food and basis for navigatio n. Some may wonder why the Cherokee did not fight for their land. Historians suggest that the Cherokee knew America was a more powerful force. They were also a peaceful tribe that didn’t wish to start a war, so they instead chose to go and find new land. Based on their belief system they valued peace, not violence. This made the Cherokee distinctive to other tribes involved in the Trail of Tears, because they peacefully left while the other tribes planned to fight until they realized they had a small chance of winning a battle against Jackson and America. The Cherokee knew that America was acting harsh and cruel towards them, but they didn’t believe strongly in acts of violence. The Cherokee would also communicate with Jackson occasionally (not often at all) about their progress and health during their voyage. After their long, treacherous voyage, they reached their new land where they had to resettle, and had to start all over again. When the Cherokee resettled, they were a different group with no leaders; everybody became the same during their voyage to new settlement. The Cherokee then became more civilized, and began to fadeShow MoreRelatedTrail Of Tears Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail of Tears is part of the immoral history of the United States. The information in this paper will be about the causes, history, deaths, and the hopes that were lost. There were at least four causes for the Indian removal act of 1830. The history of the trail discussion about the Native Americans, and what happens to them when they were moving to their new home in the west, as well what happened after the removal act. The main causes of why the Native Americans had to be removed will beRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears By James Collins1452 Words   |  6 PagesDonald West History 201 December 1, 2015 TRAIL OF TEARS The trail of tears is also referred to as the period of Indian s removal. It was a period where Native Americans in the U.S were forcefully relocated following the removal of Indian Removal Act of 1830. Those who were forcibly moved were from Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, and Chickasaw and Choctaw nations in the southern U.S, an area initially referred to as the Indian Territory. Migration from Cherokee nation had begun in the early 1800’s whereRead MoreEssay on The Cherokee Trail of Tears1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof new problems. Native American Indians lived in peace and harmony until European explorers interrupted that bliss with the quest for money and power. The European explorers brought with them more people. These people and their descendants starting pushing the natives out of their homes, out of their land, far before the 1800s. However, in the 1800s, the driving force behind the removal of the natives intensified. Thousands of indians during this time were moved al ong the trail known as Nunna dualRead MoreKayleigh Poudrier. Hist 221-002. Professor Marram. 31 March1704 Words   |  7 PagesKayleigh Poudrier HIST 221-002 Professor Marram 31 March 2017 It is hard to imagine what it must have felt like to be the Cherokee Indians in the year of 1838. However, in order for one to try to come to some sort of empathetic conclusion, it may be necessary to imagine themselves living and growing up somewhere their whole lives in a place that they love. They would need to imagine having such strong connections to the place that they have called their home and the land surrounding it, and beingRead MoreTrail Of Tears : Reasons Behind The Action1648 Words   |  7 PagesTrail of Tears: the Reasons Behind the Action The march of the Cherokee Indians in 1836 from western North Carolina to Oklahoma, known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears,† is one of the most traumatic events in American history. By 1830, the Native Americans had adopted the written language of the Anglo-Americans and signed treaties with them guaranteeing their rights to their land. Although the Natives often adapted to the Anglo-American ways of life and many Natives converted to Christianity, the relationshipRead MoreThe Cherokee Native American Tribe1613 Words   |  7 PagesBombria Miss Pearce American Literature Period 8 2 April 2017 The Cherokee Native American Tribe The Cherokee are considered one of the most advanced Native American tribes culturally and socially. The Cherokee tribe originated from several different regions in the United States including: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama. The Cherokee lived in villages like most Native American Tribes. Each village housed four hundred to five hundred Cherokee people. There were twoRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation1106 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans have at least some vague image of the Trail of Tears, but not very many know of the events that led to that tragic removal of several thousand Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government, and Indians had to agree to removal to preserve their identity as tribes. Trail of Tears is an excellent snapshot of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and theirRead MoreHistory: The Indian Removal Act Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagescountry, the white Americans decided that they needed the Natives out. There were several motives for the removal of the Indians from their lands, to include racism and land lust. Since they first arrived, the white Americans hadn’t been too fond of the Native Americans. They were thought to be highly uncivilized and they had to go. In his letter to Congress addressing the removal of the Indian tribes, President Jackson states the following: â€Å"It will separate the Indians from immediate contactRead MoreStarvation, Illness and Death of the Native Americans in Trail of Tears1352 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the greatest injustices of American history included, starvation, illness, and death. These hardships were undeservingly forced upon an innocent group of people – the Native Americans. One may think that the Trail of Tears was only a simple journey the Indians made to discover new frontiers. This is not the case. The Trail of Tears was the result of the white man’s selfishness, causing Indians to lose their homes and belongings. The act was full of unfair treatment, cruelty, and heartlessnessRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation1315 Words   |  6 Pages Most Americans have at least some vague understanding of the Trail of Tears, but not many know about the events that led to that tragic removal of thousands of Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government. The Indians had to agree to removal to maintain their tribe identities. Trail of Tears is an excellent example of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and their

My Observation Of My Preschool Observation - 1108 Words

The purpose of my â€Å"Preschool Observation† is to observe the behavior of a three year old toddler in a head start school setting. The child’s name is Adam Johnson, he is three years old, I do not know the child. I knew that if I did not know the child it would be a better observation. My purpose is to objectively observe the two year old toddler without bias responses of my observation in full descriptive details. My observation of the three year old preschool is to explain the domains of development and how these domains intersect with one another as the child grows. There are six developmental domains in early childhood development; which are physical, language, aesthetic, cognitive, emotional, and social domains. I chose a group of preschool children that ages range from three to five. I chose a little boy named Adam who is the age of three years old. Adam attends head start, which he has attended the school since six months of age. The observation takes place in the classroom; which also has a playroom sectioned off with a half wall for the preschoolers. The colorful room consists of space subdivided into play areas to manipulate, explore, snuggle, and play with, share, and interest areas for differing purposes such as learning according to the appropriate age. One part of the room is set up for dramatic play with a doll house, child-sized furniture such as chairs, couches, and block seats arranged on an area rug with bright colors. The dramatic play area is a cabinet,Show MoreRelatedMy Preschool Observation Report1707 Words   |  7 PagesMy preschool observation took place at the Central Child Development Center, 414 E. Black Street, Rock Hill, South Carolina. The Child Development Center is operated by York County District Three within Rock Hill Schools. There are many different classes that serve students ranging from general education to special education. During my observation time, I was assigned to two general education classrooms: Margret Joiner’s classroom (with assistant Ginger Adams) and Diane Alexander’s classroom (withRead MoreMy Observation At Oakwood Methodist Preschool1693 Words   |  7 PagesI conducted my observation at Oakwood Methodist Preschool on May 9, 2016 at 9:30 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon. The child I observed was a 16-month old female that I did have previously relations too. I use to work at Oakwood Methodist as an Extended Care Teacher. I use to care for Baby M in the infant room. During the observation there were two teachers, and 7 infants. The room that the observation took place in had many toys such as: balls, bouncers, walkers, rattles, and soft plushRead MoreChildren s Center Preschool Room For My Pros ocial Observation Assignment1100 Words   |  5 PagesI went to Keiki Hau‘oli Children’s Center preschool room for my prosocial observation assignment. During my visit, it was indoor free play time, meanwhile teachers were offering breakfast. The schedule is not rush, they can play indoor and outdoor with free choices for one hour. First, the room was organized by the section. Each section has double or multiple amount of toys for children to play with their friends. For example, on a shelf, there are three baby dolls and their matching clothes. ChildrenRead MoreSocial Work Child Observation Report1545 Words   |  7 Pages The Negotiation. Introduction. This work is aimed at describing the process of negotiating an agreement to carry out a child observation in a school. It will explain my role as a social work student in the process of negotiating observation agreement with the school. Some of the issues considered in my negotiation were confidentiality, ethical issues and values, consent, communication, legal issues, professionalism, skill, voluntary participation of participant, contingency plan and limitationsRead MoreA Pleasurable And Educational Preschool Observation1271 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation: Option E I observed a 4 year old preschool class during playtime in Staten Island, New York. The class consisted of eight children, and one certified preschool teacher. There were 4 boys and 4 girls in the class. During my sixty minute observation I noticed several instances of dramatic play, peer relationships, relationships with adults, and self-control. Dramatic Play During my observation, I witnessed a group of two- one boy and one girl-playingRead MoreMy Experience At Temple Tots Preschool975 Words   |  4 Pages I was lucky enough to get to observe two of my children through this observation assignment. My three year old daughter who attends preschool at Temple Tots, here in Portsmouth. Also my youngest son, who is in second grade at Portsmouth West Elementary School. I really enjoyed the observations, and not just because my children were there. Reading and trying to imagine what a classroom is really like is more difficult than it would seem. Actually getting to be present during school and feelingRead MoreCase Study : Child Development Of East Tennessee State University1233 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study – Preschool Ehichoya Edokhamhen ECED 5210 – Advanced Child Development East Tennessee State University Introduction This child observation was carried out at the ETSU Child Study Center, after an appropriate permission was taken. I arrived at the Child Study Center at about 7:50am on Friday November 13, 2015, and I was taken to the Cricket Preschool classroom for my child observation. When I got there, there was only one child present at the class, and when I asked theRead MoreStages Of Children s Development1367 Words   |  6 PagesPreschool children’s development is particularly different within the period of early childhood because their play behavior develops dramatically. They may play independently but within close proximity. We learned the five types of play, Parten talks about in her article, which are Solitary Play, Onlooker Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative Play. In addition, Parten also found that different ages correlate to the type of play preschool children engage in. For example, older preschoolRead MoreObservation On The Living Room Dimensions1089 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Name of the child: CJ Age: 2yrs and 10months (34 months) Date of observation: 6/26/2016 Time of observation: 3.10pm to 5.10pm Context: Observation took place in their home. The living room dimension is approximately 16 x 20 feet, giving enough room for movement. On entering the living room, on the east corner is a 50-inch television and to the west is the dining set. This room is furnished with tan leather couches, center table and red rug over the bare floor. On the walls are familyRead MoreObservation of a Preschool Class694 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Observation of Pre-school Dialogue Participants The participants in this study were a university campus laboratory preschool class of 13 children, comprised of 6 girls and 8 boys. The teacher is named Ms. H. The children range in age from 2 to 4. There are 5 minority children in the class (3 girls, 2 boys), one bi-racial child (boy), and all other children are Caucasian. All the children had attended the preschool for a minimum of four months prior to observation. The focus of this observation

Causes of Ignorance Free Essays

Illiteracy is directly related to two main causes; Schools and Parents/Environment. Schools maintain letter grades that represent the performance and outcome of the students. Grades throughout the semester, cumulative grades and final outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Ignorance or any similar topic only for you Order Now When taking a step back and looking at society and seeing how much ignorance and illiteracy there is it really makes you begin to think about whether or not that is not only the type of environment you wish to be in but whether or not you wish to raise your children there. Typically the schools represent the environment. School funding is also a very large problem that is a leading cause of illiteracy. Many schools simply do not have enough funds to buy the proper, updated and on grade level books. This causes the children to have below average and grade level reading levels, comprehension skills and general knowledge. On a day to day basis parents are blamed for the illiteracy of their children; whether it be because they are not encouraging their children to learn and read, or attend school in general to even try. In many cases the parents are not supportive of their children because they do not want to see them succeed and surpass their families expectations for them. Perhaps this is because they may feel intimidated or as if the child is overstepping some kind of authoritative boundary. Typically the overall education level of a parent is what determines their behavior towards their children and the kind of future that they want them to achieve. If the child’s parent did not go very far in their college career, if any college at all then they usually do not press the importance of graduating with a strong degree to be successful. Some believe that schools may also be to blame because the expectations are set too high. In reality many schools just expect too little. Many children need challenges in order to further themselves. By marking a level and saying â€Å"This is what we feel you need to know by this age. † it puts realistic expectations. They do this because the testing that is provided at the end of a high school career that is required to be taken, cannot be altered for any child. They need to be prepared for these tests and in order to do well on them classroom standards must be met. Teachers are as supportive as the student allows them to be. Proper measures and steps need to be taken in order for students to live up to those expectations. Depending on the location of the school, funding is a tremendous problem. You cannot run a school off of nothing. Without proper methods of payment for the teachers, there would be none. Without money to buy the textbooks and teaching supplies, there would be no classes and curriculum for the students to follow. The end result of ill-funded schools is poor educations or none at all. Without proper updated textbooks children would not be kept up on current events; nor would they have the ability to use their common knowledge of today’s society. Comprehension skills, in the context of different teaching/learning theories beginning decades ago, up to theories still used and replaced today. Reading levels and the ability to practice reading skills in order to raise the levels for proper education consumption. Illiteracy is based on three sole factors that I have previously stated. Had many schools had better funds and systems to raise money the illiteracy rate would drop severely. The typical factors will not easily be cared for but with the proper dedication and skills, can steadily decrease illiteracy in children which in turn results in illiterate adults. How to cite Causes of Ignorance, Papers

Yanomamo Culture Essays - Yanomami, Napoleon Chagnon, Monogamy, War

Yanomamo Culture There are many differences between the South American Yanomamo culture and the North American culture that we have adapted to, but just at there is culture diversity between us, we have some similarities. The ethnography, which is chose, was Yanomamo written by Napoleon A. Chagnon, anthropologists. Chagnon tells us how to it was to live among the Yanomamo family, political and warfare system versus the American Culture. The Yanomamo are of patrilineal culture, male oriented and very sexist. For some reason they believe that, they are superior to women, so do some men in American culture. However, they are jolted back reality when the law gets involved, unfortunately Yanomamo men dont have this wake up call. Marriage is cross-cultural perspective. Yanomamo marriages are much different from that of American marriages. Yanomamo women are treated as materialistic objects and promised by their father or brother to a Yanomamo man in return for reciprocity. The reciprocity could be another Yanomamo women or political alliances. The trades are often practiced in the Yanomamo culture. Polygamy is also a part of the Yanomamo culture. Yanomamo women are kept in the males possession. The Yanomamo man tries to collect as many wives as he possibly can in order to demonstrate his power and masculinity. As polygamy in American Culture is referred to as bigamy which is against the law. Besides, polygamy, the practice of infanticide plays a role in the lack of women in their society. Yanomamo prefer to parent a male child rather than a female child, so in case a female is born she is killed at birth. This again proved their sexist beliefs that women are inferior. Many Yanomamo women fearing their husbands kill a female infant to avoid disappointing their so-called better half. To the people of American culture certain procedures of murdering a new born baby would be considered brutal, horrific and mutilation. But to the Yanomamo choking an infant to death with a vine, suffocating the infant by the placing a stick across her throat, or simply throwing the child against a tree and leaving it to suffer and then die is normal. Yet some Americans would also suggest that abortion is just like murder also, so whats the difference! When an acceptable child is born into a Yanomamo family the mother breast-feeds him for a relatively long time. Children are nursed until they reach the age of at most, three or four. As long as the mother breast-feeds she is less likely to be fertile. This is a natural contraceptive. But if a new infant is born it will starve to death, because the older sibling would drink most of the milk, specially if it is a female infant. Male children grow up to be hunters and worriers. Female children although inferior (according to the Yanomamo) are valuable objects of trade and political alliances. A confusing aspect of the Yanomamo marriages is, even though polygamy is freely practiced so is monogamy but only for the women. Adultery, just like in American culture, is inexcusable to the Yanomamo. In this topic similarities make a breakthrough in both cultures. If relationship between an American woman and an American man goes putrescent and the woman becomes promiscuous violence is only expected by the man. The problem is assault and battery charges can get you into a lot of trouble, not to mention how much you would have to pay a lawyer. But Yanomamo mean get away with their violent retaliation for being disrespected because again there are no laws protecting Yanomamo women not that American women are always protected by the law, its just a myth. The punishment for the Yanomamo women who is only suspected of having an affair with another man is being beaten with a club, burned, shot with a barbed arrow, or the man decides to detach a limb (ex. Arm, leg...) with an ax or machete. Even though it seems as though women are expendable is this culture she may have some one who would aid her if she needed help, her brothers. A Yanomamo womens endeavor and search for aid is not always successful espically if her brothers are in a remote village that you could reach if you walked for a couple

Turners Thesis essays

Turner's Thesis essays The wide open frontier a place of freedom and promise. Fredrick Jackson Turner states that the frontier changed almost every aspect of the pioneer making them distinctly American. Unfortunately, Turner's thesis as it is called is not true in all aspects. Many historians including Carl Degler who wrote the book "Out of Our Past" disagree with the cultural aspect of the thesis. Throughout his book he cites many pieces of evidence that prove Turner's thesis wrong. One of the pieces of evidence that he presents is the many frontier states constitutions. One of Turner's hypothesis that found wide acceptance among historians is that American democracy is a unique product of the struggle with the wilderness. The main way of proving this point has to been to point out the many democratic features of the western states constitutions.(i.e. universal manhood suffrage, and elected officials) Through this comes the argument that democracy actually spread from the west to the east. This is easily proven wrong however by comparing the western and eastern states constitutions. For example the first states over the Appalachian Mountains Tennessee and Kentucky both modeled their constitutions after the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790 a document which was more conservative than the 1776 laws of the state. Another example of this is the state constitutions of the Ohio-Mississippi region. At that time nicknamed the "Valley of Democracy" yet historia n John Barnhart found only eleven original clauses in Ohio's first constitution which had 106 clauses in total. Another piece of evidence that Degler states in his book is economic. As his book states that it takes a year and a half of an average urban workers pay to start a farm in the west or frontier. In essence this means that the poor urban man is going to become a poor frontiersman with no money to change economically or culturally. ...

Some Hairy Expressions

Some Hairy Expressions Some Hairy Expressions Some Hairy Expressions By Maeve Maddox Warning: This post may offend some readers. Words, however, are just words and thats what DWT is all about. Curious minds want to know! DWT reader Jess received an email in which the sender said I got a wild hair about me. Jess says that the expression was used in the sense of acting impetuously. However, the expression for which wild hair is a shortening is to have a wild hair up ones ass. The meaning of this vulgar expression is to have an obsession or fixation about something. Garrison Keillor conveys this sense in his August 2, 2008 News from Lake Woebegone segment. In this instance its not a hair but a quarter, and its not up anything, its between the butt cheeks. Hes talking about a woman who is very angry about something and is going to confront her brother about it: she stalked across that farmyard like somebody whos carrying a quarter in their butt. If you go around carrying a quarter in your butt, you wont think of anything else. Disagreement exists as to why a hair should cause such single-minded discomfort, but I suppose there could be such a thing as a painful ingrown hair. The word wild in this context refers to the fact that the hair in question is not going where it is wanted. The meaning implied in the email, to act impetuously or in an uncharacteristic manner, doesnt seem as apt. Some other hairy idioms: to split hairs to dissect a subject down to the most trivial and unimportant details. I want to give the go ahead and all you want to do is split hairs about what color the tags should be. hair-brained foolish, ditzy. The expression originates from the erratic behavior of hares and is more properly spelled harebrained. However, the spelling hair-brained is quite common. I never heard of a more harebrained idea in my life! hair of the dog short for hair of the dog that bit you. In modern usage it refers to the notion that a person with a hangover can cure himself by drinking in the morning what he was drinking the night before. The expression originates in an ancient homeopathic cure for the bite of a mad dog. Pliny the Elder gives several remedies, one of which is to rub into the wound ash, prepared by burning, from the hair under the tail of the mad dog itself. by a hairs breadth by a narrow margin. He escaped death by a hairs breadth. Possible origin: a formal unit of measurement called a hairbreadth, equal to one-forty-eighth of an inch. hair-trigger a trigger that requires very little effort to release. The term can be used figuratively: Her husband has a hair-trigger temper. to let ones hair down to relax and be at ones ease with people. Come on, Charlie! Let your hair down and dance! The term originated in the 1850s and probably first applied to women who wore their hair up in public. hair-raising frightening and exciting. Follow Indiana Jones in another hair-raising adventure. a hairy situation something fraught with difficulty. The conversation became a bit hairy once he mentioned Alison. hairpin curve a curve in the road that goes back on itself. Younger readers may not know what an old-fashioned hairpin looked like. The curve at the joined end was much wider than the curve of a mere bobby pin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightFlier vs. FlyerWood vs. Wooden

Richard Kims Lost Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Richard Kims Lost Name - Essay Example Korean echoes the boy’s worries about the changes he sees at school. The Koreans are confused about the new set of practices the Japanese authorities subject them to. Their only option is to subject to their masters. The Koreans were forced to renounce their names. Instead, they took up new Japanese names. This is something that does not go well with the Korean people. They have a feeling that the ancestors must be angry about the change of names. They must be angry that the colonizers are stealing their cultural identity. At one point, the narrator’s father takes the young boy to the cemetery so that they can ask the ancestors to forgive them for humiliation- the dropping of the ancestral names (Kim, 6). The Koreans underwent tough and painful times under the Japanese rule. Colonization led to the loss of cultural heritage among the Korean people. Their nationality was the destroyed-a painful experience that they must live with. The boy, in Lost Name, says, "my new nam e, my old name, my true name, my not-true name?" (Kim, 57). This quote illustrates the confusion that the Koreans have after their colonial masters change their names. The colonization also came with civility. The Koreans were required to attend school; they improved infrastructure; Korea became more industrialized; urban centers grew and the economy improved. These are the positive aspects of the colonization. Political analysts argue that, despite the high handedness and brutality used by the colonizers on the Koreans, Korea became financially stable and prosperous than it was some decades back (Kim, 89). The Koreans responded by minor protests but these were thwarted by the Japanese military who crushed any dissidents. Most of them failed to adapt their new names; instead preferring their ancestral names. They considered their culture superior to any other. They fought to protect their cultural heritage and regain their lost pride.  

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing research - Essay Example Table of Contents 1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------4 1.1 Research Questions--------------------------------------------4 1.2 Research Aim---------------------------------------------------4 1.3 Research Objectives -------------------------------------------4 1.4 Research Hypothesis------------------------------------------5 2. Literature Review--------------------------------------------------------6 2.1 Service Recovery -----------------------------------------------6 2.2 Customer satisfaction-------------------------------------------7 2.3 Customer loyalty------------------------------------------------7 2.4 Service Recovery, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention 3. Research Methodology ----------------------------------------------------9 3.1 Research Approach ----------------------------------------------9 3.2 Research Methods------------------------------------------------9 3.3 Research Design----------------------------------------- ----------9 3.4 Ethical considerations--------------------------------------------11 4. Findings and Analysis ---------------------------------------------------12 5. Conclusion and Recommendations------------------------------------17 6. ... ----------------- Table 1: Time of recovery and customer satisfaction and customer retention----13 Table 2: Quality of recovery and customer satisfaction and customer retention--14 Table 3: Type of service failure and customer satisfaction -------------------15 Table 4: type of service failure and customer retention------------------------15 List of Appendices Appendix A: Research Questionnaire--------------------------------------------------19 Appendix B: Findings from SPSS-----------------------------------------------------------------------21 Appendix C: Correlations from SPSS-------------------------------------------------23 References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 1. Introduction This report aims to evaluate the impacts of service recovery on customer satisfaction and loyalty in the hotel industry in the UK. Efficient and quick service recovery has been found to have a positive impact on customer loyalty and satisfaction in several researches (Bowen and Chen, 2001). However, it has also been found that service recovery’s impact is mediated by several factors like the type of industry, and the type of service failure that may have occurred (Matos, Henrique and Rossi, 2007). The current research aims to understand how service recovery impacts the customer loyalty and satisfaction in the hotel industry, which is predominantly a service intensive industry. The following research questions are used to guide the research: 1.1 Research Questions 1. How does service recovery enhance customer satisfaction in the hotel industry? 2. How does service recovery enhance customer loyalty in the hotel industry? 3. What is the relationship between the impacts of service recovery and the type of service

Strategies for Zero Carbon Homes

Strategies for Zero Carbon Homes ABSTRACT Anthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon that has received much attention in the last few decades, and for good reason. Since the renowned studies carried out by Dr. Rowland and Dr. Molina, which began in the 1970s on Ozone depletion, subsequent studies have revealed that human activity is causing the planet’s atmospheric and surface temperatures to rise and may also be a major contributor towards climate shift, due by and large by the release of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse particulates and gases in to the atmosphere. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most. Since the introduction of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the UK government is committed to the agreement to reduce UK carbon emission by 80% by the year 2050. It has been suggested that the 21 million homes in the UK account for around a quarter of the total carbon emissions into the atmosphere. With the current government’s indication to increase the number of dwellings to 3 million by the year 2020 due to the rising population, a greater effort is needed to reduce carbon emissions within the housing sector; a drive that will aid the UK Government’s long-term commitment to the United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. The government is responding to the challenge quite firmly and has set out strict targets to reduce energy use in new dwellings. To implement such a monumental task, the government has put in place a scheme called the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), which sets out criteria for reducing energy for all new dwellings. Gordon Brown’s Governments’ main objective is for all new dwellings to be Zero-Carbon by 2016. The current research paper sets out to identify the impediments that may prevent Gordon Brown’s policy of achieving the zero carbon homes challenge and also to determine the drivers in achieving zero carbon homes across the board by 2016. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the individuals who have assisted in the production of this dissertation. A special thank you must go to my supervising tutor Dr. Michael Coffey, whose wisdom and guidance provided support and inspiration towards completing this dissertation. I would also like to thank all those persons who responded to the research questionnaire, which made a significant contribution towards the production of this dissertation. Finally I would like to thank my wife Uzma and children Saqlain, Aaliyah and Owais for their support and for putting up with my neglect towards them in the last few months. Thank you again! Section 1 – Introduction Nature of the Problem Since the Industrial revolution in the late 18th century, greenhouse gas emissions have increased considerably. Scientists have observed that a third of the Sun’s energy that is directed towards the boundaries of the Earth’s atmosphere is reflected back into space, whilst the remaining energy is absorbed by the surface of the planet and to a lesser extent by the planet’s atmosphere. Anthropogenic influence upon climate change is partly caused by the escalation of excess greenhouse gases emitted in to the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, principally influenced by the burning of fossil fuels. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most. The problem scientists have determined is that the sun radiates tremendous amounts of light energy emitted in short wavelengths, however the heat energy released from the surface of the planet itself is released in long wavelengths. Whilst carbon dioxide does not absorb the sun’s energy, it does however absorb heat energy from the planet i.e. long wavelength energy. Therefore when a molecule of carbon dioxide absorbs heat energy, the molecule goes into an excited unstable state. The molecule becomes stable again by releasing the energy that is absorbed. Therefore much of this energy remains within the earth’s atmosphere, whilst the rest of the energy will go out into space. Carbon dioxide therefore allows the light energy from the sun to pass but does not allow all of the heat within the earth’s atmosphere to be released into to outer space, thus intensifying the greenhouse effect. Ultimately causing the temperature of the planet to rise. Illustration courtesy of www.dinosaurfact.net Pro-Active Response to the Problem In response to the Kyoto Protocol’s commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the UK must reduce it’s baseline greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% by 2008 2012 from a baseline target set in 1990. Furthermore, the draft Climate Change Bill commits the UK to reductions of C02 emissions of at least 26% by the year 2020 and also to a long-term goal of an 80% reduction by 2050 (Energy Saving Trust) Housing within the UK contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The UK’s 21million homes account for around 27% of the overall carbon emissions released in to the atmosphere (Skandamoorthy, 2007) and with the current Government’s promise to construct 3 million new homes by the year 2020, the need to address the carbon situation within the housing sector is of paramount importance (BBC News, 2007. New agency to drive home building) Traditionally the construction industry has had little regard for the environment, which makes common ground for producing buildings without energy efficiency in mind. It is only until recent times has the consumption of energy been an important agenda in the house building industry, as advancements in energy efficiency playing an important role in the design of buildings built today, due partly to the crucial role being played by the stringent building regulations; pushing the boundaries further to make buildings more energy efficient. In response to the current situation with regards to reducing carbon emissions within the housing industry the government introduced in 2006 the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) scheme (a successor to the Eco Homes rating scheme). At the moment the code is a voluntary standard for energy efficiency and sustainability, applying to newly built homes in the private sector however, it is mandatory where public sector (Homes and Communities Agency) funding is involved. The code aims to deliver a standard guideline for house builders in the UK and addresses key areas of sustainability such as water use and C02 emissions in house building and use. A rating system has been developed within in the code, which measures the ability of the building’s efficiency in terms of energy use. The code’s rating system ranges between levels 1 and 6. Level 6 being the highest level of efficiency and is the level that is most appropriate and applicable to the current study, which is the attain ment of ‘zero carbon status’ (Code for Sustainable Homes Technical Guide, 2007) The Government has indicated that the code will become the single national standard for the design and construction of sustainable homes and is set to become a vehicle for the development of sustainable home building practice in the UK (Code for Sustainable Homes, 1997) The subject of interest is whether the government and the building profession can implement and administer an effective strategy that will allow all new homes to achieve the highly challenging standards of incorporating level 6 rating to dwellings across the board to allow zero carbon status of newly built homes by 2016. Why is there a lack of zero carbon dwellings in the United Kingdom? The problem that presents itself is that the conscious world has accepted that the global warming phenomenon is a serious threat to the planet. Up until recent times carbon emissions and the negative effects being imposed by them upon the environment were not clearly understood, or even thought about in many respects and therefore not a major issue in the housing industry. Recent studies have reported that homes contribute around 27% of total UK carbon emissions. For this reason the housing industry may not have grasped the technologies sufficiently to mass-produce zero carbon homes. Because demand may have been low for zero carbon dwellings it may indicate that there may be a premium cost to build zero carbon homes and therefore not in the best interests of financiers and developers, who may not receive healthy returns on assuming risk for building such assets. Lack of enforceability may be another issue why such dwellings have not been mass-produced. Maybe the supply of materials t o produce such assets may be lacking in availability; again this may be as a consequence of low demand, which may also contribute towards extra cost. It is not clear that any of these scenarios are either singularly or collectively responsible for the slow progress in developing zero carbon homes. Therefore the current study will examine the various drivers and barriers that influence the development of zero carbon developments such as cost, legislation, market demand, available technology and the supply chain. The identification of these factors will provide a basic analysis to determine whether the policy of achieving the zero carbon homes policy by 2016 across the board is actually feasible. Section 2 – Review of zero carbon homes legislation Few green policies have had quite such an impact on a sector as the zero carbon homes policy has had in housing says John Alker, Head of Advocacy at the UK Green Building Council. In December 2006 the government introduced a commitment plan which formulated a requirement that all new homes are to be zero carbon from the year 2016 onwards. The initial proposal was formally communicated via the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) technical guide, which is based on and replaces the Ecohomes national standard for sustainable design and construction for new housing in the UK in April 2007. The code stated that a building would emit zero net carbon emissions from heating, hot water, lighting, appliance use and cooking. All CO2 reductions had to be achieved by local off-site means connected to the building by a direct physical connection. However, more recently the government defined a zero carbon dwelling as one which generates 70% of the energy it uses for heating, ventilation and lighting f rom on-site renewable energy (The Energy Saving Trust). Meeting the criteria would enable the home to be rated as a code level 6 home; the highest star rating achievable in terms of the Code, thus certificating the home as a zero carbon dwelling. The acquisition of a code level 6 certificate will allow first hand purchasers of zero carbon homes up to the value of  £500,000 exemption from paying stamp duty land tax (SDLT). Homes above the  £500,000 threshold will enjoy a  £15,000 reduction towards the stamp duty bill (Section 58b, 2007 Finance Bill) It should be noted that the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) is currently UK legislation and its implementation is optional to use apart from developments funded by the government (BRE, EcoHomes, 2007). The government has indicated that home builders are encouraged to follow the guidelines of the Code now as adherence to the Code will become mandatory in the future for all new house building (Code for Sustainable Homes, 2006) The government has also provided an incentive for the installation of energy saving materials and micro-generation apparatus by reducing the VAT to 5%. This VAT decrease only applies to the UK however, â€Å"the European Commission is committed to bringing forward proposals for a change to the Principal VAT Directive to allow an EU-wide reduction in VAT for green products, particularly those aimed at improving energy efficiency in buildings† (HM Treasury, 2008) The UK government aims to reach their stated goal of 80% carbon dioxide reduction in the UK by 2050 through implementing progressive tightening of the building regulations. The tightening of the regulations is to be maintained in three phases in 2010, 2013 and 2016 (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007). The graph on the previous page shows the target reductions for each phase. These target reductions equate to the energy performance standards in the governments vehicle for reducing CO2 in housing; the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Levels 3, 4, and 6 respectively; highlighting the governments progressive strategy to achieving carbon zero homes by 2016. Source: (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007). The primary method of measurement of energy efficiency for the Building Regulations is the dwelling Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rate (DER), which is an estimate of CO2 per metre squared of floor area. Currently (2010) the improvement in the DER is said to be 25% compared to the 2006 level. An improvement of 44% is required in 2013 and ultimately a 100% improvement which is incidentally zero carbon for all new homes built in 2016. An analysis of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) The code seeks to make improvements in energy efficiency and water usage upon those required by the Building Regulations Part L 2006. The code will compliment the system of energy performance certificates that was introduced in 2007 by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). At present the Code is voluntary, however house builders are encouraged to utilise the Code as a guideline for house building practice, as the government states that the code will be mandatory in the future. Energy efficiency is measured at every level of the code by assessing nine individual design categories, with higher level of sustainability performance achieving a high code rating. The Code measures the following design categories: The code implements a procedure which mirrors the BRE’s EcoHomes system in its method of assessment, which relies on trained and accredited independent assessors to inspect the homes. Design stage assessments are conducted by the assessors who on completion of the assessment recommend a sustainable code rating for the home being assessed and will issues an interim certificate. On completion of the development a post completion assessment is carried out by the inspector, who will on completion of the final checks issue a final code certificate which states the level achieved and therefore be given a CSH code rating. A home meeting any level of the Code will have to meet minimum standards for certain items depending on what Level is desired. For Level 6 this means: The home will have to be completely zero carbon (i.e. zero net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from all energy use in the home). This could be achieved by: †¢ Improving the thermal efficiency of the walls, windows, and roof as far as is practically possible (by using more insulation or better glass for example); †¢ Reducing air permeability to the minimum consistent with health requirements (a certain amount of air ventilation is needed in a home for health reasons); †¢ Installing a high efficiency condensing boiler, or being on a district heating system; †¢ Carefully designing the fabric of the home to reduce thermal bridging (thermal bridging allows heat to easily escape between the inner walls and the outer walls of a home); †¢ Using low and zero carbon technologies such as solar thermal panels, biomass boilers, wind turbines, and combined heat and power systems (CHP). It would mean for example that energy taken from the national grid would have to be replaced by low or zero carbon generated energy, so that over a year the net emissions were zero. The home will have to be designed to use no more than about 80 litres of water per person per day. This could be achieved by fitting such items as: †¢ 6/4 Dual Flush WC; †¢ Flow Reducing/Aerating taps throughout; †¢ 6-9 litres per minute shower (note that an average electric shower is about 6/7 litres per minute); †¢ a smaller, shaped bath – still long enough to lie down in, but less water required to fill it to a level consistent with personal comfort; †¢ 18ltr maximum volume dishwasher; †¢ 60ltr maximum volume washing machine. To achieve the standard would also mean that about 30% of the water requirement of the home was provided from non-potable sources such as rainwater harvesting systems or grey water recycling systems. Other minimum requirements are required for: †¢ Surface water management – this may mean the provision of soakaways and areas of porous paving; †¢ Materials – this means a minimum number of materials meeting at least a ‘D’ grade in the Building Research Establishment’s Green Guide (the scale goes from A+ to E); †¢ Waste management – this means having a site waste management plan in place during the home’s construction, and adequate space for waste storage during its use. But to get to Level 6 you need a further 64.9 points. So the builder/developer must do many other things to obtain the other points. In fact they will need to do 90% of everything in the Code to achieve Level 6, including: †¢ Energy efficient appliances, and lighting; †¢ Supplying accessible water butts; †¢ Reducing surface water run-off as much as possible; †¢ Using highly environmentally friendly materials; †¢ Minimising construction waste; †¢ Maximum, accessible provision for recycling; †¢ Improved daylighting, sound insulation and security; †¢ Building to the Lifetime Homes standard; †¢ Assessing and minimising the ecological impact of the construction of the home Source of information: Code for Sustainable Homes – A step change in home building practice guide (2006) Section 3 Cost implications of constructing zero carbon homes During the last ten years house prices have continually increased due to the rising population and a slow response to the demand in terms of house building says Kate Barker in her 2004 survey on housing supply (Barker, K. 2004) See figures 1 and 4 below. It was the Barker report commissioned by Prime Minister Gordon Brown which gave recognition to the home building industry to investigate into improving the level of housing supply in the UK. The report concluded that the UK had a serious shortage of homes and was in much need of around 120,000 homes per year built by private house builders. The figures are in addition to the 150,000 homes which are currently being constructed per year by the house builders. The Barker report engaged the government to set an objective to increase the supply of houses being built in England of at least 200,000 per year by the year 2020. The housing market in the UK is considered by the UK government as an important arena in contributing towards regulating the nation’s economy. Putting this into perspective it is ironic that the Labour government since coming into power has changed housing ministers nine times in the last thirteen years. During the first year in office by the Labour government, it has seen a housing crisis which has seen a 190% increase in house prices with a house price to earnings ratio increase from 3.1 to 5.8. What this means is that whilst house prices have climbed dramatically, average salaries have not increased in proportion to the rising cost of house purchasing. The solution to controlling current house prices is to build more homes, however in 2009 only 118,000 new homes were constructed, which is less than half the annual amount required if the government’s target of an additional 3 million homes are to be constructed by the year 2020 (Alexander, 2010). How does this piece o f information relate to the cost of constructing zero carbon homes? Quite simply; the government has introduced a policy which aims to build an additional 3 million homes by the year 2020. The government is also pressing with the policy which aims to see all new homes constructed by the year 2016 to be zero carbon. The problem that presents itself is that the cost of building zero carbon homes includes a premium cost for building and subsequently purchasing such a property. If in the year 2009 only 118,000 homes were built, when quite clearly the government’s target is at least 200,000 per year to be in a position to meet the 3 million new homes target by 2020 and the cost of housing is already quite high, then how does Gordon Brown intend on maintaining the road map for two extraordinary targets which clash quite apparently. Last years figures prove that house building was at an all time low since 1946. These figures indicate that Gordon Brown’s government may have ov erlooked the situation and set a target which is perhaps extremely challenging if taking account of the current economic position of the UK economy. The Cyril Sweett Consultation In 2006 Cyril Sweett construction and property consultants were approached by the English Partnerships and Housing Corporation to report on the implications of the move from the Ecohomes standard of ‘Very good’ rating to the level 3 Code for Sustainable Homes. The research carried out by Cyril Sweett consultants reviewed six different types of houses which included four types which were constructed using traditional methods of construction and two with modern construction techniques. Cyril Sweett say that the findings of the research are not necessarily standard for all construction and consideration should given to project specific variables such as the area of construction, type of development, the supply chain etc; each having a variable effect on the cost of building in the stated methods of construction. Whilst the figures do not represent code level 6 developments, they do however give an indication of what the expected cost of building level 6 zero carbon homes ma y be if factored. The study made consideration to a whole host of construction methods and technological solutions to improve the performance of the home. The sole purpose of the research was to assess which methods of construction were the most economically viable to achieve the various code levels of the CfSH. However four scenarios were given in the report for expediency which are as follows: Scenario 1 Initial energy efficiency measures followed by the use of solar thermal technology, then photovoltaic and biomass systems. Scenario 2 Initial energy efficiency measures initially followed by the use of small scale wind turbines and then biomass systems. Scenario 3 Development with shared energy services, such as combined heat and power (CHP). For this scenario costs per unit are averaged for different infrastructure options for a theoretical 200 unit development. Scenario 4 Achievement of Code level 3 without recourse to renewable energies through the use of a whole house mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery and by assuming the use of proprietary construction details. The findings of the study found that projects which allowed for wind energy or site wide CHP technologies had scope for achieving the lowest costs. Again, it is stressed that projects are site specific therefore areas with low wind speeds may not be able to achieve satisfactory wind speeds to justify using wind energy technologies. The following tabulated data highlights the additional cost of achieving the code level 3 over the Ecohomes Very Good standard. The baseline cost for the abovementioned homes is  £92,107 for a 116m ² detached home and  £75,230 for a 101m ² end of terrace home, as specified or compliant with the 2006 building Regulations. It is an interesting observation that the implementation of Scenario 4 to achieve a code level 3 rating costs  £5,090 for a detached house and  £4,748 for a terraced house; an increase in cost of 5.4% and 6.2% respectively. What’s interesting about these figures is that Scenario 4 does not implement any renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic cell technology but does make use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems. Scenario 4 does in many respects mirror the PassivHaus dwelling or Scandinavian homes method of building. Scenario 4 combined with advanced micro generation technologies could achieve level 6 zero carbon status but to enable this industry would need to invest further in research and development of enhancing the micro generation technologies, however the cost will be greatly increased. As with anything that is new there is a premium cost to be paid. But as more efforts are made and competition increases due to demand the cost of such technol ogies should decrease in time. The costing data provided in the Cyril Sweett report (2007) went further to report on the cost of achieving a level 5 rating of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), which is incidentally the highest level of code attainment data provided in the report. The following cost comparison data only makes reference to detached dwellings as the costing data for terraced houses are not too dissimilar to the detached houses. Scenario 1 The table shown above shows the cost of achieving a code level 5 rating of the CfSH using scenario 1, which to reiterate includes the use of solar thermal technology with photovoltaic and biomass systems. The cost attached to upgrading to level 5 costs an additional  £20,270, as shown in the table. Therefore an 18% increase above the baseline cost of building a detached home with a 116m ² area to the 2006 building regulatory standard, which totals  £111,476. Scenario 2 Utilising Scenario 2, a 116m ² Home built with small scale wind turbine and biomass technology will achieve a CfSH level 5 rating at a cost of  £14,206 above the baseline cost. A 14% increase totalling  £106,146 Scenario 3 Utilising Scenario 3, a 116m ² Home built using site wide CHP technology will achieve a CfSH level 4 rating at a cost of  £2,622 above the baseline cost. A 3% increase totalling  £93,828 Scenario 4 Utilising Scenario 4, a 116m ² Home built with improved air tightening and mechanical ventilation will achieve a CHS level 3 rating at a cost of  £4,481 above the baseline cost. A 5% increase totalling  £95,687 The cumulative graph shown above shows the cost of achieving each level of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH) up to level 5, in comparison to each scenario detailed on the previous pages. The interesting thing about the comparative cost data provided by Cyril Sweett consultants is that to achieve level 5 of the code using scenario one costs  £36,070, which is an increase above the baseline cost of 28.6%. Obtaining a code level 5 rating using scenario two is achieved by allowing for an increase in cost above the baseline of  £20,746 which is a 22.7% increase. These figures provide an indication of what the likelihood cost for building code level 6 zero carbon homes are going be. Therefore it is estimated that for a similar type of dwelling the cost will be in excess of 30% above the 2006 Building Regulations baseline cost. A 30% increase in cost is quite substantial considering a home built to the prescribed building standards would cost approximately  £92,107, thus around a  £40,000 increase to implement code level 6 to the dwelling is a substantial amount and therefore cost is going to be a major factor in determining the success or failure of achieving the z ero carbon homes by 2016 target. Clearly the figures shown in this report show that the cost of producing zero carbon homes across the board is going to be a major obstacle if drastic changes and new solutions to reduce the cost of zero carbon technologies do not surface within the next few years leading up to the year 2016. The situation appears to be quite discomforting as affordability is going to negate the possibility of achieving not just the 2016 target but may also interfere with the 2020 target of building an additional three million new homes in the United Kingdom as less demand due to affordability will result in less homes being built and therefore cause a stalemate situation if the government alongside industry does not take steps to resolve the situation fast. Reductions in cost for bulk purchasing As stated earlier in the report cost reductions can be made through advances in technology and through competition as demand for zero carbon homes increases. Whilst the cost of achieving zero carbon is quite high at the moment, cost will gradually subside. The Cyril Sweett consultancy further reported that the purchase of materials and technology in bulk order will reduce the cost of producing zero carbon homes. Cyril Sweett representatives approached a number of suppliers of water and sustainable technologies. It was found that for large scale procurement i.e. 5000 units plus reductions in cost were achieved for the following technologies. (Cyril Sweett, 2007) Section 4 Methodology This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the production of the current research paper and will highlight the various stages of the research method. The purpose of the methodology is to provide the reader with an insight into what is expected in the report and how the research is to be conducted. The current study focuses on the UK government’s policy of â€Å"all homes to be Zero Carbon† by the year 2016 and investigates into the feasibility of the policy and further considers the impediments preventing the policy to materialise. The study also aims to identify the key drivers and barriers of achieving zero carbon homes by 2016 across the board. The study will explore key areas in the Strategies for Zero Carbon Homes Strategies for Zero Carbon Homes ABSTRACT Anthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon that has received much attention in the last few decades, and for good reason. Since the renowned studies carried out by Dr. Rowland and Dr. Molina, which began in the 1970s on Ozone depletion, subsequent studies have revealed that human activity is causing the planet’s atmospheric and surface temperatures to rise and may also be a major contributor towards climate shift, due by and large by the release of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse particulates and gases in to the atmosphere. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most. Since the introduction of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the UK government is committed to the agreement to reduce UK carbon emission by 80% by the year 2050. It has been suggested that the 21 million homes in the UK account for around a quarter of the total carbon emissions into the atmosphere. With the current government’s indication to increase the number of dwellings to 3 million by the year 2020 due to the rising population, a greater effort is needed to reduce carbon emissions within the housing sector; a drive that will aid the UK Government’s long-term commitment to the United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. The government is responding to the challenge quite firmly and has set out strict targets to reduce energy use in new dwellings. To implement such a monumental task, the government has put in place a scheme called the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), which sets out criteria for reducing energy for all new dwellings. Gordon Brown’s Governments’ main objective is for all new dwellings to be Zero-Carbon by 2016. The current research paper sets out to identify the impediments that may prevent Gordon Brown’s policy of achieving the zero carbon homes challenge and also to determine the drivers in achieving zero carbon homes across the board by 2016. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the individuals who have assisted in the production of this dissertation. A special thank you must go to my supervising tutor Dr. Michael Coffey, whose wisdom and guidance provided support and inspiration towards completing this dissertation. I would also like to thank all those persons who responded to the research questionnaire, which made a significant contribution towards the production of this dissertation. Finally I would like to thank my wife Uzma and children Saqlain, Aaliyah and Owais for their support and for putting up with my neglect towards them in the last few months. Thank you again! Section 1 – Introduction Nature of the Problem Since the Industrial revolution in the late 18th century, greenhouse gas emissions have increased considerably. Scientists have observed that a third of the Sun’s energy that is directed towards the boundaries of the Earth’s atmosphere is reflected back into space, whilst the remaining energy is absorbed by the surface of the planet and to a lesser extent by the planet’s atmosphere. Anthropogenic influence upon climate change is partly caused by the escalation of excess greenhouse gases emitted in to the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, principally influenced by the burning of fossil fuels. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most. The problem scientists have determined is that the sun radiates tremendous amounts of light energy emitted in short wavelengths, however the heat energy released from the surface of the planet itself is released in long wavelengths. Whilst carbon dioxide does not absorb the sun’s energy, it does however absorb heat energy from the planet i.e. long wavelength energy. Therefore when a molecule of carbon dioxide absorbs heat energy, the molecule goes into an excited unstable state. The molecule becomes stable again by releasing the energy that is absorbed. Therefore much of this energy remains within the earth’s atmosphere, whilst the rest of the energy will go out into space. Carbon dioxide therefore allows the light energy from the sun to pass but does not allow all of the heat within the earth’s atmosphere to be released into to outer space, thus intensifying the greenhouse effect. Ultimately causing the temperature of the planet to rise. Illustration courtesy of www.dinosaurfact.net Pro-Active Response to the Problem In response to the Kyoto Protocol’s commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the UK must reduce it’s baseline greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% by 2008 2012 from a baseline target set in 1990. Furthermore, the draft Climate Change Bill commits the UK to reductions of C02 emissions of at least 26% by the year 2020 and also to a long-term goal of an 80% reduction by 2050 (Energy Saving Trust) Housing within the UK contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The UK’s 21million homes account for around 27% of the overall carbon emissions released in to the atmosphere (Skandamoorthy, 2007) and with the current Government’s promise to construct 3 million new homes by the year 2020, the need to address the carbon situation within the housing sector is of paramount importance (BBC News, 2007. New agency to drive home building) Traditionally the construction industry has had little regard for the environment, which makes common ground for producing buildings without energy efficiency in mind. It is only until recent times has the consumption of energy been an important agenda in the house building industry, as advancements in energy efficiency playing an important role in the design of buildings built today, due partly to the crucial role being played by the stringent building regulations; pushing the boundaries further to make buildings more energy efficient. In response to the current situation with regards to reducing carbon emissions within the housing industry the government introduced in 2006 the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) scheme (a successor to the Eco Homes rating scheme). At the moment the code is a voluntary standard for energy efficiency and sustainability, applying to newly built homes in the private sector however, it is mandatory where public sector (Homes and Communities Agency) funding is involved. The code aims to deliver a standard guideline for house builders in the UK and addresses key areas of sustainability such as water use and C02 emissions in house building and use. A rating system has been developed within in the code, which measures the ability of the building’s efficiency in terms of energy use. The code’s rating system ranges between levels 1 and 6. Level 6 being the highest level of efficiency and is the level that is most appropriate and applicable to the current study, which is the attain ment of ‘zero carbon status’ (Code for Sustainable Homes Technical Guide, 2007) The Government has indicated that the code will become the single national standard for the design and construction of sustainable homes and is set to become a vehicle for the development of sustainable home building practice in the UK (Code for Sustainable Homes, 1997) The subject of interest is whether the government and the building profession can implement and administer an effective strategy that will allow all new homes to achieve the highly challenging standards of incorporating level 6 rating to dwellings across the board to allow zero carbon status of newly built homes by 2016. Why is there a lack of zero carbon dwellings in the United Kingdom? The problem that presents itself is that the conscious world has accepted that the global warming phenomenon is a serious threat to the planet. Up until recent times carbon emissions and the negative effects being imposed by them upon the environment were not clearly understood, or even thought about in many respects and therefore not a major issue in the housing industry. Recent studies have reported that homes contribute around 27% of total UK carbon emissions. For this reason the housing industry may not have grasped the technologies sufficiently to mass-produce zero carbon homes. Because demand may have been low for zero carbon dwellings it may indicate that there may be a premium cost to build zero carbon homes and therefore not in the best interests of financiers and developers, who may not receive healthy returns on assuming risk for building such assets. Lack of enforceability may be another issue why such dwellings have not been mass-produced. Maybe the supply of materials t o produce such assets may be lacking in availability; again this may be as a consequence of low demand, which may also contribute towards extra cost. It is not clear that any of these scenarios are either singularly or collectively responsible for the slow progress in developing zero carbon homes. Therefore the current study will examine the various drivers and barriers that influence the development of zero carbon developments such as cost, legislation, market demand, available technology and the supply chain. The identification of these factors will provide a basic analysis to determine whether the policy of achieving the zero carbon homes policy by 2016 across the board is actually feasible. Section 2 – Review of zero carbon homes legislation Few green policies have had quite such an impact on a sector as the zero carbon homes policy has had in housing says John Alker, Head of Advocacy at the UK Green Building Council. In December 2006 the government introduced a commitment plan which formulated a requirement that all new homes are to be zero carbon from the year 2016 onwards. The initial proposal was formally communicated via the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) technical guide, which is based on and replaces the Ecohomes national standard for sustainable design and construction for new housing in the UK in April 2007. The code stated that a building would emit zero net carbon emissions from heating, hot water, lighting, appliance use and cooking. All CO2 reductions had to be achieved by local off-site means connected to the building by a direct physical connection. However, more recently the government defined a zero carbon dwelling as one which generates 70% of the energy it uses for heating, ventilation and lighting f rom on-site renewable energy (The Energy Saving Trust). Meeting the criteria would enable the home to be rated as a code level 6 home; the highest star rating achievable in terms of the Code, thus certificating the home as a zero carbon dwelling. The acquisition of a code level 6 certificate will allow first hand purchasers of zero carbon homes up to the value of  £500,000 exemption from paying stamp duty land tax (SDLT). Homes above the  £500,000 threshold will enjoy a  £15,000 reduction towards the stamp duty bill (Section 58b, 2007 Finance Bill) It should be noted that the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) is currently UK legislation and its implementation is optional to use apart from developments funded by the government (BRE, EcoHomes, 2007). The government has indicated that home builders are encouraged to follow the guidelines of the Code now as adherence to the Code will become mandatory in the future for all new house building (Code for Sustainable Homes, 2006) The government has also provided an incentive for the installation of energy saving materials and micro-generation apparatus by reducing the VAT to 5%. This VAT decrease only applies to the UK however, â€Å"the European Commission is committed to bringing forward proposals for a change to the Principal VAT Directive to allow an EU-wide reduction in VAT for green products, particularly those aimed at improving energy efficiency in buildings† (HM Treasury, 2008) The UK government aims to reach their stated goal of 80% carbon dioxide reduction in the UK by 2050 through implementing progressive tightening of the building regulations. The tightening of the regulations is to be maintained in three phases in 2010, 2013 and 2016 (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007). The graph on the previous page shows the target reductions for each phase. These target reductions equate to the energy performance standards in the governments vehicle for reducing CO2 in housing; the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Levels 3, 4, and 6 respectively; highlighting the governments progressive strategy to achieving carbon zero homes by 2016. Source: (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007). The primary method of measurement of energy efficiency for the Building Regulations is the dwelling Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rate (DER), which is an estimate of CO2 per metre squared of floor area. Currently (2010) the improvement in the DER is said to be 25% compared to the 2006 level. An improvement of 44% is required in 2013 and ultimately a 100% improvement which is incidentally zero carbon for all new homes built in 2016. An analysis of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) The code seeks to make improvements in energy efficiency and water usage upon those required by the Building Regulations Part L 2006. The code will compliment the system of energy performance certificates that was introduced in 2007 by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). At present the Code is voluntary, however house builders are encouraged to utilise the Code as a guideline for house building practice, as the government states that the code will be mandatory in the future. Energy efficiency is measured at every level of the code by assessing nine individual design categories, with higher level of sustainability performance achieving a high code rating. The Code measures the following design categories: The code implements a procedure which mirrors the BRE’s EcoHomes system in its method of assessment, which relies on trained and accredited independent assessors to inspect the homes. Design stage assessments are conducted by the assessors who on completion of the assessment recommend a sustainable code rating for the home being assessed and will issues an interim certificate. On completion of the development a post completion assessment is carried out by the inspector, who will on completion of the final checks issue a final code certificate which states the level achieved and therefore be given a CSH code rating. A home meeting any level of the Code will have to meet minimum standards for certain items depending on what Level is desired. For Level 6 this means: The home will have to be completely zero carbon (i.e. zero net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from all energy use in the home). This could be achieved by: †¢ Improving the thermal efficiency of the walls, windows, and roof as far as is practically possible (by using more insulation or better glass for example); †¢ Reducing air permeability to the minimum consistent with health requirements (a certain amount of air ventilation is needed in a home for health reasons); †¢ Installing a high efficiency condensing boiler, or being on a district heating system; †¢ Carefully designing the fabric of the home to reduce thermal bridging (thermal bridging allows heat to easily escape between the inner walls and the outer walls of a home); †¢ Using low and zero carbon technologies such as solar thermal panels, biomass boilers, wind turbines, and combined heat and power systems (CHP). It would mean for example that energy taken from the national grid would have to be replaced by low or zero carbon generated energy, so that over a year the net emissions were zero. The home will have to be designed to use no more than about 80 litres of water per person per day. This could be achieved by fitting such items as: †¢ 6/4 Dual Flush WC; †¢ Flow Reducing/Aerating taps throughout; †¢ 6-9 litres per minute shower (note that an average electric shower is about 6/7 litres per minute); †¢ a smaller, shaped bath – still long enough to lie down in, but less water required to fill it to a level consistent with personal comfort; †¢ 18ltr maximum volume dishwasher; †¢ 60ltr maximum volume washing machine. To achieve the standard would also mean that about 30% of the water requirement of the home was provided from non-potable sources such as rainwater harvesting systems or grey water recycling systems. Other minimum requirements are required for: †¢ Surface water management – this may mean the provision of soakaways and areas of porous paving; †¢ Materials – this means a minimum number of materials meeting at least a ‘D’ grade in the Building Research Establishment’s Green Guide (the scale goes from A+ to E); †¢ Waste management – this means having a site waste management plan in place during the home’s construction, and adequate space for waste storage during its use. But to get to Level 6 you need a further 64.9 points. So the builder/developer must do many other things to obtain the other points. In fact they will need to do 90% of everything in the Code to achieve Level 6, including: †¢ Energy efficient appliances, and lighting; †¢ Supplying accessible water butts; †¢ Reducing surface water run-off as much as possible; †¢ Using highly environmentally friendly materials; †¢ Minimising construction waste; †¢ Maximum, accessible provision for recycling; †¢ Improved daylighting, sound insulation and security; †¢ Building to the Lifetime Homes standard; †¢ Assessing and minimising the ecological impact of the construction of the home Source of information: Code for Sustainable Homes – A step change in home building practice guide (2006) Section 3 Cost implications of constructing zero carbon homes During the last ten years house prices have continually increased due to the rising population and a slow response to the demand in terms of house building says Kate Barker in her 2004 survey on housing supply (Barker, K. 2004) See figures 1 and 4 below. It was the Barker report commissioned by Prime Minister Gordon Brown which gave recognition to the home building industry to investigate into improving the level of housing supply in the UK. The report concluded that the UK had a serious shortage of homes and was in much need of around 120,000 homes per year built by private house builders. The figures are in addition to the 150,000 homes which are currently being constructed per year by the house builders. The Barker report engaged the government to set an objective to increase the supply of houses being built in England of at least 200,000 per year by the year 2020. The housing market in the UK is considered by the UK government as an important arena in contributing towards regulating the nation’s economy. Putting this into perspective it is ironic that the Labour government since coming into power has changed housing ministers nine times in the last thirteen years. During the first year in office by the Labour government, it has seen a housing crisis which has seen a 190% increase in house prices with a house price to earnings ratio increase from 3.1 to 5.8. What this means is that whilst house prices have climbed dramatically, average salaries have not increased in proportion to the rising cost of house purchasing. The solution to controlling current house prices is to build more homes, however in 2009 only 118,000 new homes were constructed, which is less than half the annual amount required if the government’s target of an additional 3 million homes are to be constructed by the year 2020 (Alexander, 2010). How does this piece o f information relate to the cost of constructing zero carbon homes? Quite simply; the government has introduced a policy which aims to build an additional 3 million homes by the year 2020. The government is also pressing with the policy which aims to see all new homes constructed by the year 2016 to be zero carbon. The problem that presents itself is that the cost of building zero carbon homes includes a premium cost for building and subsequently purchasing such a property. If in the year 2009 only 118,000 homes were built, when quite clearly the government’s target is at least 200,000 per year to be in a position to meet the 3 million new homes target by 2020 and the cost of housing is already quite high, then how does Gordon Brown intend on maintaining the road map for two extraordinary targets which clash quite apparently. Last years figures prove that house building was at an all time low since 1946. These figures indicate that Gordon Brown’s government may have ov erlooked the situation and set a target which is perhaps extremely challenging if taking account of the current economic position of the UK economy. The Cyril Sweett Consultation In 2006 Cyril Sweett construction and property consultants were approached by the English Partnerships and Housing Corporation to report on the implications of the move from the Ecohomes standard of ‘Very good’ rating to the level 3 Code for Sustainable Homes. The research carried out by Cyril Sweett consultants reviewed six different types of houses which included four types which were constructed using traditional methods of construction and two with modern construction techniques. Cyril Sweett say that the findings of the research are not necessarily standard for all construction and consideration should given to project specific variables such as the area of construction, type of development, the supply chain etc; each having a variable effect on the cost of building in the stated methods of construction. Whilst the figures do not represent code level 6 developments, they do however give an indication of what the expected cost of building level 6 zero carbon homes ma y be if factored. The study made consideration to a whole host of construction methods and technological solutions to improve the performance of the home. The sole purpose of the research was to assess which methods of construction were the most economically viable to achieve the various code levels of the CfSH. However four scenarios were given in the report for expediency which are as follows: Scenario 1 Initial energy efficiency measures followed by the use of solar thermal technology, then photovoltaic and biomass systems. Scenario 2 Initial energy efficiency measures initially followed by the use of small scale wind turbines and then biomass systems. Scenario 3 Development with shared energy services, such as combined heat and power (CHP). For this scenario costs per unit are averaged for different infrastructure options for a theoretical 200 unit development. Scenario 4 Achievement of Code level 3 without recourse to renewable energies through the use of a whole house mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery and by assuming the use of proprietary construction details. The findings of the study found that projects which allowed for wind energy or site wide CHP technologies had scope for achieving the lowest costs. Again, it is stressed that projects are site specific therefore areas with low wind speeds may not be able to achieve satisfactory wind speeds to justify using wind energy technologies. The following tabulated data highlights the additional cost of achieving the code level 3 over the Ecohomes Very Good standard. The baseline cost for the abovementioned homes is  £92,107 for a 116m ² detached home and  £75,230 for a 101m ² end of terrace home, as specified or compliant with the 2006 building Regulations. It is an interesting observation that the implementation of Scenario 4 to achieve a code level 3 rating costs  £5,090 for a detached house and  £4,748 for a terraced house; an increase in cost of 5.4% and 6.2% respectively. What’s interesting about these figures is that Scenario 4 does not implement any renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic cell technology but does make use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems. Scenario 4 does in many respects mirror the PassivHaus dwelling or Scandinavian homes method of building. Scenario 4 combined with advanced micro generation technologies could achieve level 6 zero carbon status but to enable this industry would need to invest further in research and development of enhancing the micro generation technologies, however the cost will be greatly increased. As with anything that is new there is a premium cost to be paid. But as more efforts are made and competition increases due to demand the cost of such technol ogies should decrease in time. The costing data provided in the Cyril Sweett report (2007) went further to report on the cost of achieving a level 5 rating of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), which is incidentally the highest level of code attainment data provided in the report. The following cost comparison data only makes reference to detached dwellings as the costing data for terraced houses are not too dissimilar to the detached houses. Scenario 1 The table shown above shows the cost of achieving a code level 5 rating of the CfSH using scenario 1, which to reiterate includes the use of solar thermal technology with photovoltaic and biomass systems. The cost attached to upgrading to level 5 costs an additional  £20,270, as shown in the table. Therefore an 18% increase above the baseline cost of building a detached home with a 116m ² area to the 2006 building regulatory standard, which totals  £111,476. Scenario 2 Utilising Scenario 2, a 116m ² Home built with small scale wind turbine and biomass technology will achieve a CfSH level 5 rating at a cost of  £14,206 above the baseline cost. A 14% increase totalling  £106,146 Scenario 3 Utilising Scenario 3, a 116m ² Home built using site wide CHP technology will achieve a CfSH level 4 rating at a cost of  £2,622 above the baseline cost. A 3% increase totalling  £93,828 Scenario 4 Utilising Scenario 4, a 116m ² Home built with improved air tightening and mechanical ventilation will achieve a CHS level 3 rating at a cost of  £4,481 above the baseline cost. A 5% increase totalling  £95,687 The cumulative graph shown above shows the cost of achieving each level of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH) up to level 5, in comparison to each scenario detailed on the previous pages. The interesting thing about the comparative cost data provided by Cyril Sweett consultants is that to achieve level 5 of the code using scenario one costs  £36,070, which is an increase above the baseline cost of 28.6%. Obtaining a code level 5 rating using scenario two is achieved by allowing for an increase in cost above the baseline of  £20,746 which is a 22.7% increase. These figures provide an indication of what the likelihood cost for building code level 6 zero carbon homes are going be. Therefore it is estimated that for a similar type of dwelling the cost will be in excess of 30% above the 2006 Building Regulations baseline cost. A 30% increase in cost is quite substantial considering a home built to the prescribed building standards would cost approximately  £92,107, thus around a  £40,000 increase to implement code level 6 to the dwelling is a substantial amount and therefore cost is going to be a major factor in determining the success or failure of achieving the z ero carbon homes by 2016 target. Clearly the figures shown in this report show that the cost of producing zero carbon homes across the board is going to be a major obstacle if drastic changes and new solutions to reduce the cost of zero carbon technologies do not surface within the next few years leading up to the year 2016. The situation appears to be quite discomforting as affordability is going to negate the possibility of achieving not just the 2016 target but may also interfere with the 2020 target of building an additional three million new homes in the United Kingdom as less demand due to affordability will result in less homes being built and therefore cause a stalemate situation if the government alongside industry does not take steps to resolve the situation fast. Reductions in cost for bulk purchasing As stated earlier in the report cost reductions can be made through advances in technology and through competition as demand for zero carbon homes increases. Whilst the cost of achieving zero carbon is quite high at the moment, cost will gradually subside. The Cyril Sweett consultancy further reported that the purchase of materials and technology in bulk order will reduce the cost of producing zero carbon homes. Cyril Sweett representatives approached a number of suppliers of water and sustainable technologies. It was found that for large scale procurement i.e. 5000 units plus reductions in cost were achieved for the following technologies. (Cyril Sweett, 2007) Section 4 Methodology This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the production of the current research paper and will highlight the various stages of the research method. The purpose of the methodology is to provide the reader with an insight into what is expected in the report and how the research is to be conducted. The current study focuses on the UK government’s policy of â€Å"all homes to be Zero Carbon† by the year 2016 and investigates into the feasibility of the policy and further considers the impediments preventing the policy to materialise. The study also aims to identify the key drivers and barriers of achieving zero carbon homes by 2016 across the board. The study will explore key areas in the